From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9794 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Thursday, September 29 2022 Volume 14 : Number 9794 Today's Subjects: ----------------- The herb mix draws out toxins from the feet in a safe and non-invasive way ["Nuubu.Detox.Patches" Subject: The herb mix draws out toxins from the feet in a safe and non-invasive way The herb mix draws out toxins from the feet in a safe and non-invasive way http://patchesfoot.us/0o-gfF04Ewtl3uEFmTrkuicCNjmOJwadT0fDIGil5dOXudN6qg http://patchesfoot.us/vNGUCIIa89QnCKmQn9L8kh1vT6AUiceTKx5bN6OaXd2PPmJpPA ward suggested extending the truce in May 1348, but Philip was keen to campaign. However, the effects of the Black Death, which spread to both kingdoms in 1348, caused the truce to be renewed in 1348, 1349 and 1350. While the truce was in effect neither country campaigned with a full field army, but it did not stop repeated naval clashes nor fighting in Gascony and Brittany. Philip died on 22 August 1350 and it was unclear whether the truce then lapsed, as it had been signed on his personal authority. His son and successor, John II, took to the field with a large army in south-west France. Once this campaign was successfully completed John authorised the renewal of the truce for one year to 10 September 1352. English adventurers seized the strategically located town of GuC.nes in January 1352, causing full-scale fighting to break out again, which went badly for the French. Intermittent peace negotiations continued but were fruitless until 6 April 1354 when a new truce and an outline permanent peace treaty were agreed as the Treaty of GuC.nes. But John subsequently turned against it, deciding another round of warfare might leave him in a better negotiating position. The French planned an ambitious series of offensives for the 1355 campaigning season and repudiated the Treaty of GuC.nes early in the year. Yet another extension to the Truce of Calais was agreed, until 24 June, when it finally expired. The war resumed in force in October 1355. In September 1356 the French royal army was defeated by a smaller Anglo-Gascon force at the Battle of Poitiers and John was captured. In 1360 the fighting was brought to a temporary halt by the Treaty of BrC)tigny under which large areas of France were ceded to England. In 1369 large-scale fi ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 14:04:28 -0400 From: "All-Purpose Loan" Subject: Multiple Needs. One Loan. Multiple Needs. One Loan. http://viewforeclosurehomes.us/WndDCZgVCt3sJwQLiXIclTuqBsNVSgxygzI2xjPXTRrGY5-9HQ http://viewforeclosurehomes.us/U0mk8ZPV50xGY0cRIDZEZ5mcZT74lkQvizV77Z2ipuKbWi8 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 09:00:50 -0400 From: "Forgotten Foods" Subject: 126 Forgotten Survival Foods That You Should Add to Your Stockpile 126 Forgotten Survival Foods That You Should Add to Your Stockpile http://lostsuperfoods.rest/TCpnw0RNylS3PelZppBrLfVnSPGLgkeoPZ291vYN5RUnSK1oeA http://lostsuperfoods.rest/fNNOe7VpbVVA0SAkY7JVsAvk2uf-VpqeRQYoixH96590s7ltGg wo cardinals acting as papal emissaries from Pope Clement had been attempting to negotiate a halt to hostilities since July 1346, with no success. Given the military misfortunes and financial exhaustion of both sides, they found willing listeners in early September 1347. The principle of a temporary ceasefire was agreed and the cardinals drew up its detailed terms. These strongly favoured the English and confirmed their possession of all their territorial conquests in France and Scotland; the Flemish were confirmed in their de facto independence from France; and Philip was prevented from punishing those French nobles who had conspired, or even fought, against him. The truce was to run to 7 July 1348. On 28 September the truce was formally signed. It was named after the place it had been agreed and signed at: the Truce of Calais. In November 1347 the French Estates General met and railed against the truce. In May 1348 Edward suggested extending the arrangement, but Philip refused; he was already raising an army in anticipation of the agreement's expiration. However, during 1348 the Black Death spread north across France, reaching Paris in August and becoming widespread in London by November. The plague was to eventually cause the death of approximately 45 per cent of the population of each country and it brought military preparations to a halt. In late August representatives of the two kings met in Boulogne and began negotiations for an extension of the truce. On 13 November it was extended until 1 September 1349. The following year it was extended to May 1350 and in June 1350 once again extended t ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 08:05:35 -0400 From: "Good News" Subject: Congratulations! A 7Eleven reward has arrived! Congratulations! A 7Eleven reward has arrived! http://sevenelevensurvey.us/kmASk-U0P9BkXJ9V1l4-MAoGX8M2FjIg6eQbqV_PfyCGbglqLg http://sevenelevensurvey.us/Ymy0G3PGqnMFSoAzShh_RL9QtJcowxSe_LMozTvo4jBOjgBNxg two cardinals acting as papal emissaries from Pope Clement had been attempting to negotiate a halt to hostilities since July 1346, with no success. Given the military misfortunes and financial exhaustion of both sides, they found willing listeners in early September 1347. The principle of a temporary ceasefire was agreed and the cardinals drew up its detailed terms. These strongly favoured the English and confirmed their possession of all their territorial conquests in France and Scotland; the Flemish were confirmed in their de facto independence from France; and Philip was prevented from punishing those French nobles who had conspired, or even fought, against him. The truce was to run to 7 July 1348. On 28 September the truce was formally signed. It was named after the place it had been agreed and signed at: the Truce of Calais. In November 1347 the French Estates General met and railed against the truce. In May 1348 Edward suggested extending the arrangement, but Philip refused; he was already raising an army in anticipation of the agreement's expiration. However, during 1348 the Black Death spread north across France, reaching Paris in August and becoming widespread in London by November. The plague was to eventually cause the death of approximately 45 per cent of the population of each country and it brought military preparations to a halt. In late August representatives of the two kings met in Boulogne and began negotiations for an extension of the truc ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 05:08:57 -0400 From: "Home Foreclosure Listings" Subject: Foreclosure Home Listings Foreclosure Home Listings http://viewforeclosurehomes.us/a9FnTvwSGprF82FxRF0SoQgVD3MWcTenHEf2mdq4srnc1SFCuw http://viewforeclosurehomes.us/iv3RTD5eM_qi0qjrGDkbWTmSABzfB4-yYMkEmgubsq5ebgI21g 1153 the English Crown had controlled the Duchy of Aquitaine, which extended across a large part of south-west France. By the 1330s these holdings had been reduced to Gascony. A series of disagreements between France and England regarding the status of these lands culminated on 24 May 1337 in the council of the French king, Philip VI, declaring them forfeit. This marked the start of the Hundred Years' War, which was to last 116 years. In 1340 the English king, Edward III, as the closest male relative of Philip's predecessor Charles IV, laid formal claim to the Kingdom of France. This permitted his allies who were also vassals of the French crown to lawfully wage war on it, although Edward was not fully committed to this claim. In 1350 Edward campaigned against an army led by Philip in northern France. This ended with the agreement of the Truce of Esplechin in September by which the two kings agreed to cease hostilities for five years. The truce broke down within a year, although for several years subsequent fighting was largely limited to Brittany and Gascony. In 1346 Edward raised an army in England and the largest fleet ever assembled by the English to that date, 747 ships. The fleet landed on 12 July at St. Vaast la Hoguein northern Normandy, 20 miles (32 km) from Cherbourg. The English army is estimated by modern historians to have been some 10,000 strong; it achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south. Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace. Caen, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north-west Normandy, was stormed and sacked. On 7 August, the English reached the Seine, 12 miles (19 km) so ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 07:15:38 -0400 From: "Huusk.Knives" Subject: Become the master of quality cooking with these knives Become the master of quality cooking with these knives http://huuskhandmadeknives.rest/PaCkPNyhWZ3GZ2J7mzIrXL9gOT1d814Q0sNmrusGnua2Q4soXA http://huuskhandmadeknives.rest/vBlOH3tIY-f9jCCv64Ax2tVx9hcOes1cwTqmX_c5lxD5gdYkMg en mid-November and late February Edward made several attempts to breach the walls of Calais with trebuchets or cannon and to take the town by assault; all were unsuccessful. During March and April, more than 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of supplies were run into Calais without opposition. Philip attempted to take the field in late April, but the French ability to assemble their army in a timely fashion had not improved since the autumn and by July it had still not fully mustered. Taxes proved ever more difficult to collect. Several French nobles sounded out the idea of switching their allegiance to Edward. Inconclusive fighting occurred in April and May: the French tried and failed to cut the English supply route to Flanders, and the English tried and failed to capture Saint-Omer and Lille. In June the French attempted to secure their flank by launching a major offensive against the Flemings; this was defeated at the Battle of Cassel. In late April the English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties, the English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000.[note 1] More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force.[note 2] On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 mil ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 11:51:07 -0400 From: "South Beach Skin" Subject: Rare protein removes wrinkles naturally Rare protein removes wrinkles naturally http://southbeachskin.us/3L2apOSKjMxcxt1rXTYZT2OemoiuIIIk7yZNEjMckXXyYL3aQQ http://southbeachskin.us/uHUVtVp1yrQed2uJUIGPdusIArzHzqrGbW8o4SUOnmkwmOaVOg nch central and local governments collapsed. French nobles took to violently settling old scores rather than fighting the English. Charles of Navarre, one of the most powerful figures in France, broke into the bedroom of the Constable of France, Charles of Spain, and murdered him as he knelt naked, pleading for his life. Navarre then boasted of it and made tentative approaches to the English regarding an alliance. Navarre and John formally reconciled in March 1354 and a new balance within the French government was reached; this was more in favour of peace with England, in some quarters at almost any price. Informal talks started again at GuC.nes in mid-March. The principle whereby Edward abandoned his claim to the French throne in exchange for French territory was agreed; Edward gave his assent to this on 30 March. Formal negotiations recommenced in early April. Discussions were rapidly concluded. The truce was extended for another year and the broad outline of a permanent peace was agreed. On 6 April 1354 these heads of terms were formally signed by the representatives of both countries as the Treaty of GuC.nes. The prolongation of the truce was to be immediately publicised, while the fact that the outline of a peace treaty had been agreed was to be kept secret until 1 October, when Innocent would announce it at the papal palace in Avignon. In the same ceremony English representatives would repudiate the English claim to John's throne and the French would formally relinquish sovereignty over several provinces in south-west France to the English. Edward was overjoyed, the English parliament ratified the treaty sight unseen. John also endorsed the treaty, but members of his council were less enthusiastic. The English adhered to the truce. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 11:36:04 -0400 From: "South Beach Skin" Subject: Rare protein removes wrinkles naturally Rare protein removes wrinkles naturally http://southbeachskin.us/hN0tzgTl2ZOtH6kZE85fkmpeqn8cXxwb2s9l92YOcQN985oV http://southbeachskin.us/EuuILOH0Flcza2QOFbmOM0lhrTEjzJZLjPO1xb1xat03lUzenA nch central and local governments collapsed. French nobles took to violently settling old scores rather than fighting the English. Charles of Navarre, one of the most powerful figures in France, broke into the bedroom of the Constable of France, Charles of Spain, and murdered him as he knelt naked, pleading for his life. Navarre then boasted of it and made tentative approaches to the English regarding an alliance. Navarre and John formally reconciled in March 1354 and a new balance within the French government was reached; this was more in favour of peace with England, in some quarters at almost any price. Informal talks started again at GuC.nes in mid-March. The principle whereby Edward abandoned his claim to the French throne in exchange for French territory was agreed; Edward gave his assent to this on 30 March. Formal negotiations recommenced in early April. Discussions were rapidly concluded. The truce was extended for another year and the broad outline of a permanent peace was agreed. On 6 April 1354 these heads of terms were formally signed by the representatives of both countries as the Treaty of GuC.nes. The prolongation of the truce was to be immediately publicised, while the fact that the outline of a peace treaty had been agreed was to be kept secret until 1 October, when Innocent would announce it at the papal palace in Avignon. In the same ceremony English representatives would repudiate the English claim to John's throne and the French would formally relinquish sovereignty over several provinces in south-west France to the English. Edward was overjoyed, the English parliament ratified the treaty sight unseen. John also endorsed the treaty, but members of his council were less enthusiastic. The English adhered to the truce. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 04:53:49 -0400 From: "Southwest Shopper Gift Card Chance" Subject: We have been trying to reach you - Please respond! We have been trying to reach you - Please respond! http://southwestsyrvey.shop/ab3c2wQRj1zJnI6YpnmG8eC2TSiKaJz0xJJCgc_7R0mlPH_HvA http://southwestsyrvey.shop/l-0btYO12fWrmiAeyc9QkTxDT7YQMLjpNZ4zj75jBvMLF0rMZQ e Truce of Calais (French: TrC*ve de Calais) was a truce agreed by King Edward III of England and King Philip VI of France on 28 September 1347, which was mediated by emissaries of Pope Clement VI. The Hundred Years' War had broken out in 1337 and, in 1346, Edward had landed with an army in northern France. After inflicting a heavy defeat on Philip and a French army at the Battle of CrC)cy the English besieged Calais, which fell after 11 months. Both countries were financially and militarily exhausted and two cardinals acting for Pope Clement were able to broker a truce in a series of negotiations outside Calais. This was signed on 28 September to run until 7 July 1348. Edward suggested extending the truce in May 1348, but Philip was keen to campaign. However, the effects of the Black Death, which spread to both kingdoms in 1348, caused the truce to be renewed in 1348, 1349 and 1350. While the truce was in effect neither country campaigned with a full field army, but it did not stop repeated naval clashes nor fighting in Gascony and Brittany. Philip died on 22 August 1350 and it was unclear whether the truce then lapsed, as it had been signed on his personal authority. His son and successor, John II, took to the field with a large army in south-west France. Once this campaign was successfully completed John authorised the renewal of the truce for one year to 10 September 1352. English adventurers seized the strategically located town of GuC.nes in January 1352, causing full-scale fighting to break ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 07:52:36 -0400 From: "Hard.Core" Subject: How To Get Hard & Stay Hard Naturally How To Get Hard & Stay Hard Naturally http://elixired.us/35G8NdiDzLiqXnNLw40x9b3LAoB8jCgrTsl83usX8A5KKslEhg http://elixired.us/v-68N0LvNxUK0r1Mg2D_qS5tKixc7ExZAKauL2Q5Ev5Pz7-_OA late April the English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties, the English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000.[note 1] More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force.[note 2] On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 miles (10 km) away. Their army was between 15,000 and 20,000 strong; a third of the size of the combined English and Flemings, who had prepared earthworks and palisades across every approach. The English position clearly being unassailable, Philip finally admitted the Pope's representatives to an audience. They, in turn, arranged talks, but after four days of wrangling, these came to nothing. On 1 August the garrison of Calais, having observed the French army seemingly within reach for a week, signalled they were on the verge of surrender. That night the French army withdrew. On 3 August 1347 Calais surrendered. The entire French population was expelled. Edward repopulated the town with English and a few Flemings. As soon as Calais capitulated, Edward paid off a large part of his army and released his Flemish allies. Philip in turn stood down the French army. Edward promptly launched strong raids up to 30 miles (48 km) into French territory. Philip attempted to recall his army, setting a date of 1 September, but experienced serious difficulties. His treasury was exhausted and taxes for the war had to be collected in many places at sword point. Despite these exigencies, ready cash was not forthcoming. The French army had little stomach for further conflict and Philip was reduced to threatening to confiscate the estates of nobles who refused to muster. He set back the date for his army to assemble by a month. Edward also had difficulties in raising money, partly because of the unexp ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 10:00:41 -0400 From: "Removes Stains" Subject: Your best bud not only looks good, but feels pawtastic! Your best bud not only looks good, but feels pawtastic! http://dogeyewipes.us/aK16qdY8-5EJT9VZ5XoX4kDcFjoQyp--LNRxFNH9B8LOQgTkCg http://dogeyewipes.us/JB4_aLC4OGlwmEGKjMyaO0V-pBhn2Y8ys6saarp15CDhj4vqBQ e April the English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties, the English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000.[note 1] More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force.[note 2] On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 miles (10 km) away. Their army was between 15,000 and 20,000 strong; a third of the size of the combined English and Flemings, who had prepared earthworks and palisades across every approach. The English position clearly being unassailable, Philip finally admitted the Pope's representatives to an audience. They, in turn, arranged talks, but after four days of wrangling, these came to nothing. On 1 August the garrison of Calais, having observed the French army seemingly within reach for a week, signalled they were on the verge of surrender. That night the French army withdrew. On 3 August 1347 Calais surrendered. The entire French population was expelled. Edward repopulated the town with English and a few Flemings. As soon as Calais capitulated, Edward paid off a large part of his army and released his Flemish allies. Philip in turn stood down the French army. Edward promptly launched strong raids up to 30 miles (48 km) into French territory. Philip attempted to recall his army, setting a date of 1 September, but experienced serious difficulties. His treasury was exhausted and taxes for the war had to be collected in many places at ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 12:12:04 -0400 From: "Home Depot Shopper Gift Card Chance" Subject: BONUS: $100 HOME DEPOT Gift Card Opportunity BONUS: $100 HOME DEPOT Gift Card Opportunity http://altaibalancesz.us/gE13s4841iLy35TyMvCOVl4biEU_PYeOBdE1c_FWMT_9SA3jDQ http://altaibalancesz.us/mkutlSPrTJN7gdDiwnqlg5qDs5xquWQg9B15jY7EbIQnLPkIdQ late April the English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties, the English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000.[note 1] More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force.[note 2] On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 miles (10 km) away. Their army was between 15,000 and 20,000 strong; a third of the size of the combined English and Flemings, who had prepared earthworks and palisades across every approach. The English position clearly being unassailable, Philip finally admitted the Pope's representatives to an audience. They, in turn, arranged talks, but after four days of wrangling, these came to nothing. On 1 August the garrison of Calais, having observed the French army seemingly within reach for a week, signalled they were on the verge of surrender. That night the French army withdrew. On 3 August 1347 Calais surrendered. The entire French population was expelled. Edward repopulated the town with English and a few Flemings. As soon as Calais capitulated, Edward paid off a large part of his army and released his Flemish allies. Philip in turn stood down the French army. Edward promptly launched strong raids up to 30 miles (48 km) into French territory. Philip attempted to recall his army, setting a date of 1 September, but experienced serious difficulties. His treasury was exhausted and taxes for the war had to be collected in many pla ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 06:10:05 -0400 From: "Starbucks Shopper Gift Opportunity" Subject: Shopper, You can qualify to get a $100 Starbucks gift card! Shopper, You can qualify to get a $100 Starbucks gift card! http://starbucksurve.us/vxhQnumyQTTs-dj91f2AQ1PnPYgQCkP5uieiXRPfnxRUKd3Abg http://starbucksurve.us/cSZcmuqGUxDMbWbf5MZ7g62PF9luA_DH4Op9jXlRoHhlruIFfQ 1346 Edward raised an army in England and the largest fleet ever assembled by the English to that date, 747 ships. The fleet landed on 12 July at St. Vaast la Hoguein northern Normandy, 20 miles (32 km) from Cherbourg. The English army is estimated by modern historians to have been some 10,000 strong; it achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south. Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace. Caen, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north-west Normandy, was stormed and sacked. On 7 August, the English reached the Seine, 12 miles (19 km) south of Rouen, and raided up to its suburbs. Philip, under pressure from representatives of Pope Clement VI, sent envoys offering peace backed by a marriage alliance; Edward replied that he was not prepared to lose marching time to futile discussion and dismissed them. The English then left a swath of destruction, rapine and slaughter along the left bank of the Seine to Poissy, 20 miles (32 km) from Paris. A map of south-east England and north-east France showing the route of the English army Map of the route of Edward III's chevauchC)e of 1346 The English turned north and became trapped in territory which the French had denuded of food. They escaped by fighting their way across the Somme against a French blocking force. Two days later, on 26 August 1346, fighting on ground of their own choosing, the English inflicted a heavy defeat on the French at the Battle of CrC)cy. The English continued to devastate the land and set several towns on fire, including Wissant, the normal port of disembarkation for English shipping to north-west France. Outside the burning town Edward held a council, which decided to capture Calais; an ideal entrepC4t into France from an English point of view, possessing a secure harbour and established port facilities and being in the part of France closest to the ports of south-east England. It was also ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 01:51:21 -0400 From: "Balanced Blood Sugar" Subject: Eat THREE of these for balanced blood sugar Eat THREE of these for balanced blood sugar http://altaibalancs.us/kYFgwpNAA1qJDW92iW1nyjHo-UOcCtBm9-7-UtN8gSzpwYbE http://altaibalancs.us/-jvAO39vSJLOR9zaO0JXdoL4O2iyd6wrVoWureSmFRVLbr5Yjw e energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district". The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones. This had the effect of eliminating more than 1,000 school districts statewide. Had the legislature done no more, according to former New Jersey General Assembly Speaker Alan Karcher, "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today". However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each city, borough, and incorporated town, shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district". Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school. The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things. The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. Allendale broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more populous boroughs formed in 1894. In commuter communities as Park Ridge, the new residents often led the borough drives against the opposition of the old inhabitants who feared th ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 10:21:24 -0400 From: "Great Smells" Subject: Incense has a whole bunch of benefits. Incense has a whole bunch of benefits. http://spiruals.shop/Irg8c58uu3c01jPFoBrk6fkgTiKIiA04Qq4SwSq7whmW7L8E-g http://spiruals.shop/YWNWUd_igPcZ9afg8px0lm4z-mV16g1iKzHL1DG__nuygh1Miw ard made several attempts to breach the walls of Calais with trebuchets or cannon and to take the town by assault; all were unsuccessful. During March and April, more than 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of supplies were run into Calais without opposition. Philip attempted to take the field in late April, but the French ability to assemble their army in a timely fashion had not improved since the autumn and by July it had still not fully mustered. Taxes proved ever more difficult to collect. Several French nobles sounded out the idea of switching their allegiance to Edward. Inconclusive fighting occurred in April and May: the French tried and failed to cut the English supply route to Flanders, and the English tried and failed to capture Saint-Omer and Lille. In June the French attempted to secure their flank by launching a major offensive against the Flemings; this was defeated at the Battle of Cassel. In late April the English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties, the English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000.[note 1] More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force.[note 2] On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 miles (10 km) away. Their army was between 15,000 and 20,000 strong; a third of the size of the combined English and Flemings, who had prepared earthworks and palisades across every approach. The English posi ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 13:34:05 -0400 From: "Nordstrom Shopper Gift Card Chance" Subject: You are eligible! You are eligible! http://syrvivaltool.rest/-jXiUqzh8YP4Oqt3sLs0XIqGaAY5rFfC-_c3v97G4SFYVoJ77g http://syrvivaltool.rest/gUsNyNBGhpwZ8p63pZLodmIzOCxD8kWYzO9sfhkq53mOQKye als acting as papal emissaries from Pope Clement had been attempting to negotiate a halt to hostilities since July 1346, with no success. Given the military misfortunes and financial exhaustion of both sides, they found willing listeners in early September 1347. The principle of a temporary ceasefire was agreed and the cardinals drew up its detailed terms. These strongly favoured the English and confirmed their possession of all their territorial conquests in France and Scotland; the Flemish were confirmed in their de facto independence from France; and Philip was prevented from punishing those French nobles who had conspired, or even fought, against him. The truce was to run to 7 July 1348. On 28 September the truce was formally signed. It was named after the place it had been agreed and signed at: the Truce of Calais. In November 1347 the French Estates General met and railed against the truce. In May 1348 Edward suggested extending the arrangement, but Philip refused; he was already raising an army in anticipation of the agreement's expiration. However, during 1348 the Black Death spread north across France, reaching Paris in August and becoming widespread in London by November. The plague was to eventually cause the death of approximately 45 per cent of the population of each country and it brought military preparations to a halt. In late August representatives of the two kings met in Boulogne and began negotiations for an extension of the t ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9794 **********************************************