From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9791 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, September 27 2022 Volume 14 : Number 9791 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Order Now To Get A Special 5O% OFF ["Translator" ] Exposed: American Defeat In WW3 Now Certain... ["Attacking America" Subject: Order Now To Get A Special 5O% OFF Order Now To Get A Special 5O% OFF http://instantranslator.us/6KP_3psGWWZLUUr7f1-xtw78u_RtqF4NXh4og_EhrhDSV4_jDg http://instantranslator.us/1JwUOciWdGfQg8IQI3nDW_DiIHJQmH19X2Q59N3Vngq2YPrtgw railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet commute to work each day. Even before the Civil War, the Brick Church station, in Orange, Essex County, about 15 miles (24 km) from New York City, became the center of the nation's first commuter suburb. New Jersey's townships acquired a new type of population, consisting of commuters, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good streets and roads, better funded schools, and a larger stake in the government. They were fiercely opposed on each issue by the existing rural, agricultural population, who understood that their taxes would need to be raised in order to pay for the services that they did not want. Schools and school districts caused angry debate between commuters and long-time residents. School district lines were independent of those of townships, for every school formed its own school district. Accordingly, townships could contain a number of school districts: Bergen County's Franklin Township in the early 1890s contained eleven school districts serving 774 students. Of the 94 schools in Bergen County in 1893, thirty-one were one-room schoolhouses, though this was a decrease from 44 in 1880. Bergen County was sparsely populated when the railroad lines went through in the 1850s, making for a different pattern of development than other suburban counties, such as Union and Camden, which saw more planned development around railroad stations. Bergen's pattern of development was unique in New Jersey, with, until 1894, several commuter suburbs in a single township, something rare ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 08:38:48 -0400 From: "Payday" Subject: This Payday, you will get more! This Payday, you will get more! http://haarknives.us/aQTKlth1_uUFlWYZkRlGopopB9oAfnrhFIdsD0SaDJXvGgPecA http://haarknives.us/8HDcvhd2yveiHQL4GPIJydW-NwTh7ZaEahNlDjok4JrVRGevPQ ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 07:43:47 -0400 From: "Attacking America" Subject: Exposed: American Defeat In WW3 Now Certain... Exposed: American Defeat In WW3 Now Certain... http://blackoutzusa.us/i27exUOa5tnwFF9wY-EKgmsh2kv9j1PA4CHgkWOkZRMdtm9Q3w http://blackoutzusa.us/t6AoI4GPjXJjA-fRn2un0rSYu169TdyP_VmZ-9RCy4qum0g e energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district". The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones. This had the effect of eliminating more than 1,000 school districts statewide. Had the legislature done no more, according to former New Jersey General Assembly Speaker Alan Karcher, "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today". However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each city, borough, and incorporated town, shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district". Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school. The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things. The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. Allendale broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more pop ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 05:14:56 -0400 From: "Thank you! Costco" Subject: A special Surprise Just For You , Donāt miss out! A special Surprise Just For You , Donbt miss out! http://costcoz.us/fddjrMI66uXcENf20hKwcj1e_S289DAU7IqI3_AqGgRLN607dw http://costcoz.us/yo0QImDmt9OHkXe0yMXSk3aH1nVp0c1PDC7A_vFkjAtdFIpM1A n the late 19th century, much of New Jersey was divided into large townships. In Bergen County, several of these townships contained multiple commuter suburbs, often formed around railroad stations. Political disputes arose between the growing number of commuters, who wanted more government services for the new developments near railroad lines, and long-time residents such as farmers, who understood this to come with higher taxes. A previously little-used law permitted small segments of existing townships to vote by referendum to form independent boroughs. In late 1893, Republicans, backed by commuters, captured control of the legislature and the following year passed legislation allowing boroughs that were formed from parts of two or more townships to elect a representative to the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. This 1894 act, in combination with a second one the same year that consolidated school districts into one per municipality, made it easy and attractive for dissatisfied communities to break away and become boroughs, in order to gain a seat on the county board or to keep control of the local school. Forty new boroughs were formed in 1894 and 1895, with the bulk in Bergen County, where townships were broken up or greatly reduced in size; there are few there today. The state legislature scuttled the right to elect a freeholder in 1895, and ended the formation of boroughs by referendum the following year. Municipalities continued to be created by the legislature into the 20th century, and although there have been efforts at consolidation in recent years to lower the high cost of government, their number has been only slightly ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 07:10:03 -0400 From: "Amazing Deals" Subject: Leave your feedback and you could WIN! Leave your feedback and you could WIN! http://plushsurvey.rest/ZT7sYXMv5pptoOU_m25J1RNsZ4GqWIRT4LVJVp_X890JMVnEjg http://plushsurvey.rest/ks_pKzKJMtlcmvr_glv50Xds891myu8TMsSjf1VL3dG78Wvjbg ew York City. These new residents were strongly Republican, as contrasted with the Democratic farmers. According to Bergen County historian Kevin Wright, "Having gained sufficient numbers by 1893 to challenge Punkin Dusters at the polls, the Commuters of Bergen County led a political revolution in Home Rule that finally toppled the ancien rC)gime." Legal disputes about control of the New Jersey Senate and the Republican desire to undo many Democratic policies occupied the legislature in the early part of its 1894 session. Nevertheless, interest groups such as local landowners pushed the legislature for permissive policies on municipal incorporation, hoping to gain power in the new governments. The New Jersey State House in Trenton, where the 1894 acts were passed As the legislature sat, the townships of Bergen County fractured. The provision of the Borough Act allowing separation had been little used prior to 1893, and in 1893, Bergen County had only three boroughs. A year-long legal battle in Palisades Township, along the Hudson River, led to a referendum that saw Tenafly break away in January 1894. Some communities seceded in early 1894 because of disputes about how to pay for macadamized roads, which were first pav ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 05:05:01 -0400 From: "Haarko Santoku Knives" Subject: Last Chance - 50% Discount inside! Last Chance - 50% Discount inside! http://haarknives.us/n37UdSUQYD0mHfhlCdoBkBrrFy79b-5rtLZWz9C0N6gO33ZYNw http://haarknives.us/QxBnkjQuEEyS15rsY65r-vDfdSgQ8eLgvIWBWY_8g2TWUmuTGg t the time of the union of East Jersey and West Jersey into the Province of New Jersey in 1702, there were about 24 townships; more were added under British government by letters patent, court decrees, or legislative action. Following the American Revolutionary War, the New Jersey Legislature confirmed all municipal charters, and granted new ones; by 1798, the state had 104 townships. Increased economic activity in Essex, Morris and Sussex counties, and the formation of Warren County, raised the number to 125 by 1834. Most of the townships had low taxes and little government; the roads (mostly of dirt) were maintained by farmers in lieu of taxes. Township meetings occurred each February; the citizens would discuss concerns, voluntarily seek solutions, and collectively appoint agents to carry out their will. Voters in each township elected members of the county governing body, the Board of Chosen Freeholders. The railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet commute to work each day. Even before the Civil War, the Brick Church station, in Orange, Essex County, about 15 miles (24 km) from New York City, became the center of the nation's first commuter suburb. New Jersey's townships acquired a new type of population, consisting of commuters, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good streets and roads, better funded schools, and a larger stake in the government. They were fiercely opposed on each issue by the existing rural, agricultural population, who understood that their taxes would need to be raised in order to pay for the services that they did not want. Schools and school districts caused angry debate ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 07:38:24 -0400 From: "Mood stabilization" Subject: Improved mental and physical health Improved mental and physical health http://insominas.rest/pOkMJEmgNTD9On73kGCYxAjB4QgKsUT-yRew8GYCHggZGT7Tzg http://insominas.rest/Tk4dW_z0tmzmC3AsDBF_RIp-OnSf_3n8q0c6wrIU1Pu_WtYkNw publican reported on March 1, "the chief reason why Delford [later Oradell], Westwood, Hillsdale and Park Ridge want to become boroughs is that they may avoid what is feared will be heavy macadam tax". The proposed borough of Delford would take land from multiple townships, uniting communities on both sides of the Hackensack River that shared a school, but incorporation was put on hold because of legal uncertainty as to whether a borough could be formed from parts of more than one township. WHEREAS, doubts have arisen whether the provisions of the above-mentioned [Borough Act of 1878] apply to boroughs embracing within their territory parts of more than one township ... [it is enacted] that at the election for borough officers the legal voters of each such borough shall be entitled to vote for a chosen freeholder who shall represent such borough in the board of chosen freeholders of the county in which such borough is situated, and be a member of such board ... Chapter CLXXVI of the Public Laws of 1894, State of New Jersey (May 9, 1894) In April, the Republican majority in Trenton let it be known they were working on a bill to solve Delford's problem by allowing boroughs to be formed from portions of two or more townships, and this became the Act of May 9, 1894. The act also granted such boroughs a seat on the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. According to Wright, "the consequences of casting special legislation under guise of a general law soon became patent". Since 1885, new boroughs had not gotten their own freeholder, with borough voters instead joining with those in the township they were formerly part of to elect one. Partisans saw the political possibilities of the 1894 law, and contested control of the Bergen County government through the formation of boroughs that would elect freeholders of their party. The energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in ea ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 09:33:16 -0400 From: "Body Infection" Subject: Nail Fungus: Lack These Two Nutrients And You Risk Total Body Infection Nail Fungus: Lack These Two Nutrients And You Risk Total Body Infection http://keragenis.rest/BXKPvu5B-0i7-x0EcIyKgCdZ-CUIBb7XkFR2h4L3DGyNi6PRUQ http://keragenis.rest/9lAULMCHSH5B0x6Zh5TLAqFrVFSZrigClrOOyD4CImumipLcqw y the 1920s, the number of municipalities in Bergen County had reached 70, where it still stands. After the 1920s, the legislature did not create many new municipalities, but local officials used zoning to affect land use, making annexation less attractive. Because of boroughitis, the township as a form of government all but disappeared from Bergen County. One that remains is South Hackensack, the remnants of Lodi Township that no seceding borough wanted. Its three pieces are separated from each other by several miles. A number of boroughs became townships in the early 1980s, though they did not necessarily change their form of government, as until 1986, more federal aid was available to municipalities called townships than to those styled boroughs. As of 2022, with the merger that year of Pine Valley into Pine Hill, New Jersey has 564 municipalities and the most municipalities per capita of any state. Its boroughs include Teterboro in Bergen County, site of an airport, industrial buildings, and the homes of fewer than a hundred residents, and Tavistock in Camden County, consisting primarily of a country club. Governor Chris Christie urged consolidation to lower the cost of government, and a number of municipalities have studied it, but there have been few recent mergers, with the other one being the merger of Princeton Borough with Princeton Township in 2012. Karcher, both while Speaker and afterwards, promoted consolidation, but saw it fall victim to home rule advocates. He discussed the long-term effect of the boroughitis craze: The ultimate cost to the state's taxpayers ... directly attributable to the Republican reforms of 1894, is incalculable. One need only take an afternoon drive through Bergen County. The only evidence that you have traversed one borough in the last five minutes and are now entering another, which may take only three minutes to cross, is a sign. Otherwise, it is virtually impossible ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9791 **********************************************