From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #7288 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Sunday, August 22 2021 Volume 14 : Number 7288 Today's Subjects: ----------------- RE: Free Anti-Biden Gun Gift for you ["Emergency Power" Subject: RE: Free Anti-Biden Gun Gift for you RE: Free Anti-Biden Gun Gift for you http://coolmepro.us/6BV9vGVO51u7PvonhosgfKr73ut99C_jDha3lBm8B6KbonTW http://coolmepro.us/kf2wmFySS8bQ7k8KYVpqPzB2KR-4jk2KAJYWE3llC1tGgA7h asitism is a major aspect of evolutionary ecology; for example, almost all free-living animals are host to at least one species of parasite. Vertebrates, the best-studied group, are hosts to between 75,000 and 300,000 species of helminths and an uncounted number of parasitic microorganisms. On average, a mammal species hosts four species of nematode, two of trematodes, and two of cestodes. Humans have 342 species of helminth parasites, and 70 species of protozoan parasites. Some three-quarters of the links in food webs include a parasite, important in regulating host numbers. Perhaps 40 percent of described species are parasitic. Fossil record Parasitism is hard to demonstrate from the fossil record, but holes in the mandibles of several specimens of Tyrannosaurus may have been caused by Trichomonas-like parasites. Coevolution Further information: Hostbparasite coevolution As hosts and parasites evolve together, their relationships often change. When a parasite is in a sole relationship with a host, selection drives the relationship to become more benign, even mutualistic, as the parasite can reproduce for longer if its host lives longer. But where parasites are competing, selection favours the parasite that reproduces fastest, leading to increased virulence. There are thus varied possibilities in hostbparasite coevolution. Evolutionary epidemiology analyses how parasites spread and evolve, whereas Darwinian medicine applies similar evolutionary thinkin ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 08:32:32 -0400 From: "Complete Thyroid" Subject: Eat Pink Sea Salt To Speed Up Your Metabolism By 124%? Eat Pink Sea Salt To Speed Up Your Metabolism By 124%? http://promindcmplex.co/3_mkciCwJt1mB1tQ2e3MtdeQ1M2TuSNnjWgZSJ_qceLcboCo http://promindcmplex.co/NUfsjlWx3yzF0wVy7fz7YTR-Ae5o64rWgFyzCNu1A90eY29P ects often adapt their nests to reduce parasitism. For example, one of the key reasons why the wasp Polistes canadensis nests across multiple combs, rather than building a single comb like much of the rest of its genus, is to avoid infestation by tineid moths. The tineid moth lays its eggs within the wasps' nests and then these eggs hatch into larvae that can burrow from cell to cell and prey on wasp pupae. Adult wasps attempt to remove and kill moth eggs and larvae by chewing down the edges of cells, coating the cells with an oral secretion that gives the nest a dark brownish appearance. Plants Plants respond to parasite attack with a series of chemical defences, such as polyphenol oxidase, under the control of the jasmonic acid-insensitive (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathways. The different biochemical pathways are activated by different attacks, and the two pathways can interact positively or negatively. In general, plants can either initiate a specific or a non-specific response. Specific responses involve recognition of a parasite by the plant's cellular receptors, leading to a strong but localised response: defensive chemicals are produced around the area where the parasite was detected, blocking its spread, and avoiding wasting defensive production where it is not needed. Nonspecific defensive responses are systemic, meaning that the responses are not confined to an area of the plant, but spread throughout the plant, making them costly in energy. These are effective against a wide range of parasites. When damaged, such as by lepidopteran caterpillars, leaves of plants including maize and cotton release increased amounts of volatile chemicals such as terpenes that signal they are being attacked; one effect of this is to attract parasitoid wasps, which in turn attack the caterp ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 07:57:30 -0400 From: "Miraculous Solution" Subject: Drink Your Morning Coffee Like This To Reset High Blood Sugar Drink Your Morning Coffee Like This To Reset High Blood Sugar http://goldpiano.co/jwK9x4oULG9SiRK2LbZo_YruwuCbB-gX5B2JILbsLBDIRd8vQg http://goldpiano.co/vPdiOCDs-LkopwHtEqlOtZ3V9P9jlqwaSNNv6vL2D-HekiEfOA rasite sometimes undergoes cospeciation with its host, resulting in the pattern described in Fahrenholz's rule, that the phylogenies of the host and parasite come to mirror each other. An example is between the simian foamy virus (SFV) and its primate hosts. The phylogenies of SFV polymerase and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II from African and Asian primates were found to be closely congruent in branching order and divergence times, implying that the simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates for at least 30 million years. The presumption of a shared evolutionary history between parasites and hosts can help elucidate how host taxa are related. For instance, there has been a dispute about whether flamingos are more closely related to storks or ducks. The fact that flamingos share parasites with ducks and geese was initially taken as evidence that these groups were more closely related to each other than either is to storks. However, evolutionary events such as the duplication, or the extinction of parasite species (without similar events on the host phylogeny) often erode similarities between host and parasite phylogenies. In the case of flamingos, they have similar lice to those of grebes. Flamingos and grebes do have a common ancestor, implying cospeciation of birds and lice in these groups. Flamingo lice then switched hosts to ducks, creating the situation which had confused biologists. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii facilitates its transmission by inducing behavioral changes in rats through infection of neurons in their central nervous system. Parasites infect sympatric hosts (those within their same geographical area) more effectively, as has been shown with digenetic trematodes infecting lake snails. This is in line with the Red Queen hypothesis, which states that interactions between species lead to constant natural selection for coadaptation. Parasites track the locally common hosts' phenotypes, so the parasites are less infective to allopatric hosts, those from different geographical regio ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 05:46:14 -0400 From: "Coronavirus Vaccine" Subject: Coronavirus Vaccine Mayhem Coronavirus Vaccine Mayhem http://containerhome.buzz/28F9RC7rGyXSXgE3oSonN3Ova_Cweu9v6nRqENapCuojRuXD http://containerhome.buzz/I2YsRUdVE3KyrUTqzXlPkcUtsnJeeGOu3b6cVwE-txBKKzPq tial parasite, such as mistletoe derives some of its nutrients from another living plant, whereas a holoparasite such as dodder derives all of its nutrients from another plant. Parasitic plants make up about one per cent of angiosperms and are in almost every biome in the world. All these plants have modified roots, haustoria, which penetrate the host plants, connecting them to the conductive system b either the xylem, the phloem, or both. This provides them with the ability to extract water and nutrients from the host. A parasitic plant is classified depending on where it latches onto the host, either the stem or the root, and the amount of nutrients it requires. Since holoparasites have no chlorophyll and therefore cannot make food for themselves by photosynthesis, they are always obligate parasites, deriving all their food from their hosts. Some parasitic plants can locate their host plants by detecting chemicals in the air or soil given off by host shoots or roots, respectively. About 4,500 species of parasitic plant in approximately 20 families of flowering plants are known. Species within Orobanchaceae (broomrapes) are some of the most economically destructive of all plants. Species of Striga (witchweeds) are estimated to cost billions of dollars a year in crop yield loss, infesting over 50 million hectares of cultivated land within Sub-Saharan Africa alone. Striga infects both grasses and grains, including corn, rice and sorghum, undoubtedly some of the most important food crops. Orobanche also threatens a wide range of other important crops, including peas, chickpeas, tomatoes, carrots, and varieties of cabbage. Yield loss from Orobanche can be total; despite extensive research, no method of control has been entirely successful. Many plants and fungi exchange carbon and nutrients in mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships. Some 400 species of myco-heterotrophic plants, mostly in the tropics, however effectively cheat by taking carbon from a fungus rather than exchanging it for minerals. They have much reduced roots, as they do not need to absorb water from the soil; their stems are slender with few vascular bundles, and their leaves are reduced to small scales, as they do not photosynthesize. Their seeds are very small and numerous, so they appear to rely on being infected by a suitable fungus soon after germina ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 07:31:35 -0400 From: "Revolutionary Smartwatch" Subject: The Revolutionary Smartwatch The Revolutionary Smartwatch http://anklesnake.us/jFIkT3ow6NaGuNDBVgb96Q2oBS6OC8U69CCl2l96cCzt6MI http://anklesnake.us/6dWe7l465ivi4C_hrKaCt6RpCamValC9xER0yopwzf6Xmh8w Koti (Ravi Teja) is a wannabe film actor. He wants to be called Babu. Amjad (Prakash Raj) is a driver as well as a devoted Muslim and is equally patriotic about India. His younger brother Azhar has been missing for the past year. The cops of Hyderabad arrest an ISI terrorist Masood. In a bid to get him released, Pakistani authorities train Azhar (brother of Amjad) and send him to Hyderabad to create riots and create communal tension. Azhar came to Hyderabad and stays with his brother Amjad. His secret activities include devising and executing a plan to release Masood. Radha Krishna (Srikanth) is a sincere and efficient police officer. He hates Pakistan for intimate reasons. It is later revealed in a flashback that Radha Krishna's love Swathy (Sonali Bendre) was killed by ISI forces. The rest of the story includes how these three protagonists prevent terrorist Masood from fleeing to Pakistan. ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 05:30:35 -0400 From: "Asian Dating Team" Subject: View your Confidential Matches! View your Confidential Matches! https://ztoxs.co/T2fBLCg4b1Tjkx_v5C8-209rsmU4Zar4JGzcTFyMLumIbGQ https://ztoxs.co/VqFB00DElMtoKQ4OnVYSXvAT0bWVjR5Gg-Z6BgbPH-guMmg hanism for the evolution of social parasitism was first proposed by Carlo Emery in 1909. Now known as "Emery's rule", it states that social parasites tend to be closely related to their hosts, often being in the same genus. Intraspecific social parasitism occurs in parasitic nursing, where some individual young take milk from unrelated females. In wedge-capped capuchins, higher ranking females sometimes take milk from low ranking females without any reciprocation. Brood parasitism Further information: Brood parasitism In brood parasitism, the hosts act as parents as they raise the young as their own. Brood parasites include birds in different families such as cowbirds, whydahs, cuckoos, and black-headed ducks. These do not build nests of their own, but leave their eggs in nests of other species. The eggs of some brood parasites mimic those of their hosts, while some cowbird eggs have tough shells, making them hard for the hosts to kill by piercing, both mechanisms implying selection by the hosts against parasitic eggs. The adult female European cuckoo further mimics a predator, the European sparrowhawk, giving her time to lay her eggs in the host's nest unobserved. Kleptoparasitism Further information: Kleptoparasitism In kleptoparasitism (from Greek ??????? (klept?s), "thief"), parasites steal food gathered by the host. The parasitism is often on close relatives, whether within the same species or between species in the same genus or family. For instance, the many lineages of cuckoo bees lay their eggs in the nest cells of other bees in the same family. Kleptoparasitism is uncommon generally but conspicuous in birds; some such as skuas are specialised in pirating food from other seabirds, relentlessly chasing them down until they dis ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 07:51:55 -0400 From: "Miraculous Solution" Subject: Do This With Your Coffee For Perfect Blood Sugar Do This With Your Coffee For Perfect Blood Sugar http://goldpiano.co/tIKXZibcFo9LoCPx_tIrDosYH8Ezo23wQX8IHUcDOs4HUPsq http://goldpiano.co/lvxAIE_1oOo1OS1IBlyloIgYPARAJdLeaNqLONadZY8ZJWks rasite sometimes undergoes cospeciation with its host, resulting in the pattern described in Fahrenholz's rule, that the phylogenies of the host and parasite come to mirror each other. An example is between the simian foamy virus (SFV) and its primate hosts. The phylogenies of SFV polymerase and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II from African and Asian primates were found to be closely congruent in branching order and divergence times, implying that the simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates for at least 30 million years. The presumption of a shared evolutionary history between parasites and hosts can help elucidate how host taxa are related. For instance, there has been a dispute about whether flamingos are more closely related to storks or ducks. The fact that flamingos share parasites with ducks and geese was initially taken as evidence that these groups were more closely related to each other than either is to storks. However, evolutionary events such as the duplication, or the extinction of parasite species (without similar events on the host phylogeny) often erode similarities between host and parasite phylogenies. In the case of flamingos, they have similar lice to those of grebes. Flamingos and grebes do have a common ancestor, implying cospeciation of birds and lice in these groups. Flamingo lice then switched hosts to ducks, creating the situation which had confused biologists. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii facilitates its transmission by inducing behavioral changes in rats through infection of neurons in their central nervous system. Parasites infect sympatric hosts (those within their same geographical area) more effectively, as has been shown with digenetic trematodes infecting lake snails. This is in line with the Red Queen hypothesis, which states that interactions between species lead to constant natural selection for coadaptation. Parasites track the locally common hosts' phenotypes, so the parasites are less infective to allopatric hosts, those from different geographical regio ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2021 09:36:13 -0400 From: "Breaking News" Subject: Russia Reveals Greatest Discovery in Modern Medicine Russia Reveals Greatest Discovery in Modern Medicine http://goldpiano.co/ZqJzpaaJFMhjzoGPMfzbyX5O68ABqDeAxlGMoe3QHFcnwgF3 http://goldpiano.co/UmzIub6bSrtA9lXWuHfZW2AyldHdODyLDSIh4XLGkW0_0zAy lthough parasites are widely considered to be harmful, the eradication of all parasites would not be beneficial. Parasites account for at least half of life's diversity; they perform important ecological roles; and without parasites, organisms might tend to asexual reproduction, diminishing the diversity of traits brought about by sexual reproduction. Parasites provide an opportunity for the transfer of genetic material between species, facilitating evolutionary change. Many parasites require multiple hosts of different species to complete their life cycles and rely on predator-prey or other stable ecological interactions to get from one host to another. The presence of parasites thus indicates that an ecosystem is healthy. An ectoparasite, the California condor louse, Colpocephalum californici, became a well-known conservation issue. A major and very costly captive breeding program was run in the United States to rescue the Californian condor. It was host to a louse, which lived only on it. Any lice found were "deliberately killed" during the program, to keep the condors in the best possible health. The result was that one species, the condor, was saved and returned to the wild, while another species, the parasite, became extinct. Although parasites are often omitted in depictions of food webs, they usually occupy the top position. Parasites can function like keystone species, reducing the dominance of superior competitors and allowing competing species to co-exist. Parasites are distributed very unevenly among their hosts, most hosts having no parasites, and a few hosts harbouring most of the parasite population. This distribution makes sampling difficult and requires careful use of statistics. Quantitative ecology Further information: Aggregated distribution A single parasite species usually has an aggregated distribution across host animals, which means that most hosts carry few parasites, while a few hosts carry the vast majority of parasite individuals. This poses considerable problems for students of parasite ecology, as it renders parametric statistics as com ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #7288 **********************************************