From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5556 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Wednesday, December 23 2020 Volume 14 : Number 5556 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Reward - Family Dollar Gift Card ["**Family Dollar**" ] I am happy that I discovered the DronePro 4K! ["Professional Drone" Subject: Reward - Family Dollar Gift Card Reward - Family Dollar Gift Card http://newfund.buzz/HbU95hbAmFF0HqcS5F2ts6RB_tVJsaY-8kJiGr3nRw2VePyL http://newfund.buzz/gtM1MxgZWVYnO-ldQnx86CPwAEsfbUHSpvwJf_Zp-Z02mKOJ nets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, each of the planets rotated around an axis tilted with respect to its orbital pole, and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons. Since the dawn of the Space Age, close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology. Planets in the Solar System are divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. There are eight planets in the Solar System according to the IAU definition. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites. Several thousands of planets around other stars ("extrasolar planets" or "exoplanets") have been discovered in the Milky Way. As of 1 December 2020, 4,379 known extrasolar planets in 3,237 planetary systems (including 717 multiple planetary systems), ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered, out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth, nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun, i.e. in the circumstellar habitable zone. On 20 December 2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-20. A 2012 study, analyzing gravitational microlensing data, estimates an average of at least 1.6 bo ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 03:30:44 -0500 From: "Upgraded Comfortable Material" Subject: Your Free Belly Holster Should Arrive Your Free Belly Holster Should Arrive http://newfund.buzz/21JXbmmuiZuskiNrj2KNL8-WyeKwlEOrLPLEm4JO7cRgkB44 http://newfund.buzz/6OLcJpZMb31kWSg37bKXdRscY2Hq1XBsAHuKxYU7VvQHns2o ntil at least three weeks of age, with one parent foraging while the other guards the nest and chicks. When the chicks are at least three weeks old, they are large enough to stay and protect the nest. This coincides with the chicks getting more aggressive when presented with foreign objects or organisms. They fledge 60 to 65 days after hatching, and reach sexual maturity at four years of age, although they usually do not successfully fledge chicks until their fifth year of age. The hatching success, the percentage of birds that had at least one egg that hatched in a year, of the wood stork is around 62%. This can vary widely, though, with colonies ranging from about 26% to 89% hatching success. The period when chicks are most vulnerable to death is from hatching to when they are two weeks old. Overall, about 31% of nests produce at least one fledged bird. Raccoons and caracaras, especially northern crested caracaras, are prominent predators of eggs and chicks. Other causes of nesting failure is the falling of nests, thus breaking the eggs inside. This can be caused by many events, the most prominent being poor nest construction and fights between adults. Feeding During the dry season, the wood stork eats mostly fish, supplemented by insects. During the wet season, on the other hand, fish make up about half the diet, crabs make up about 30%, and insects and frogs make up the rest. The wood stork eats larg ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 08:56:35 -0500 From: "The Freedom Box" Subject: Discover How This Box Pays Your Electricity Bills Discover How This Box Pays Your Electricity Bills http://dronemachine.icu/L7MG6IZgMT1eIEFmiYvrtYY4275ZQqot7-9STBpUWe2D128N http://dronemachine.icu/EB8S7sddhObDCZzqa17epyqn4WORR8eBmKIEIMGqx-IgYezC awal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Water pollution Main article: Water pollution Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems. Solutions Unlimited resources Main article: Water purification Closed water cycles, reclaimed water, atmospheric water generation and desalination can all be considered unlimited water resources. These artificial resources are based on the use of energy, infrastructure and human expertise, but are potential solutions to the various water crisis. Currently, as energy is limited the coefficient of resource input to output, thus process efficiency is the determinant. An example is the IBTS Greenhouse which uses 0.45kwh of energy for the production of 1.0 m3 of distilled water. The other important determinant is the occurrence of negative side effects of the technologies. The Integrated Biotectural System is an example for a low-tech solution, based on a natural wetland, without the use of toxic anti-sealants used in industrial desalination plants and without the discharge of brine into the source water body as it is common in the desali ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 05:54:05 -0500 From: "72 Hours Survival Guide" <72HoursSurvivalGuide@offerhad.icu> Subject: Does This Prove We're Witnessing the Beginning of the End? Does This Prove We're Witnessing the Beginning of the End? http://offerhad.icu/taHleTEeTmlm2AbVY39QJmAezOOnQ9IAfqumTo-MW2GzxXfa http://offerhad.icu/XOZO8BBiVQ9Hc28UzBG8HJLUg7OQ1ODcV2vLDpSkTuoqv6GE ter habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps. Sources The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations. In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transp ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 07:27:00 -0500 From: "WiFiBooster Pro" Subject: Upgrade your home-internet experience with the WiFiBooster Pro Upgrade your home-internet experience with the WiFiBooster Pro http://nerveshield.buzz/TXZyZRJp2bLzoBLtEh5DWoAN5AG7g9kfMiNEfC6nw8M-xnXi http://nerveshield.buzz/cA_eMbiKH99oCilb-bx4o9TWTBhR8naiiuqYJvwn4ODLE5c3 re worshipped, and the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Greek historian Herodotus reported that killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and shaved their eyebrows. Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats. Ancient Greeks and Romans kept weasels as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers. The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. The usual ancient Greek word for 'cat' was ailouros, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'. Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature. Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that "female cats are naturally lecherous." The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana turns into a cat. Cats eventually displaced ferrets as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary. Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family and, accor ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 04:58:56 -0500 From: "Costco Shopper Feedback" Subject: Claim Your Fifty Dollar Costco Reward Claim Your Fifty Dollar Costco Reward http://onlyhappye.bid/Bj3zcxMZojpIh_PNu65b-t7mhQOK7uSmlsPSPHJOnKpVo3vV http://onlyhappye.bid/PLGlSKBtt1ofPYRIKlxewWC9ZfSg28wcyGTh-0cCqz-JDEFR mented by insects. During the wet season, on the other hand, fish make up about half the diet, crabs make up about 30%, and insects and frogs make up the rest. The wood stork eats larger fish more often than smaller fish, even in some cases where the latter is more abundant. It is estimated that an adult wood stork needs about 520 grams (1.15 lb) per day to sustain itself. For a whole family, it is estimated that about 200 kilograms (440 lb) are needed per breeding season. A wood stork foraging The wood stork usually forages in flocks when not breeding, and alone and in small groups when it is breeding. In the dry season, the stork generally forages by slowly walking forward with its bill submerged in water while groping for food. During the wet season, this method is used about 40% of the time to catch food. During this period, foot stirring, where the stork walks very slowly with its bill in water while pumping its foot up and down before every step, is used about 35% of the time. Both these hunting methods are non-visual. Because of its non-visual foraging methods, the wood stork requires shallow water and a high density of fish to forage successfully. The water that it forages in during the dry season averages about 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in depth, while during the wet season, the water usually is about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) deep. In the dry season, this stork prefers to forage in waters with no emergent vegetation, whereas in the wet season, it prefers areas with vegetation emerging between 10 and 20 centimetres (3.9 and 7.9 in) above the surface on average. This bird can travel over 80 kilometres (50 mi) to reach foraging sites, lending it access to a wide variety of habitats. Both parents feed the chicks by regurgitating food onto the nest floor. The chicks are mainly fed fish that are between 2 and 25 centimetres (0.79 and 9.84 in) in length, with the length of the fish, usually increasing as the chicks get older. The amount of food that the chicks get changes over time, with more being fed daily from hatching to about 22 days, when food intake levels off. This continues until about 45 days, when food consumption starts to decrease. Overall, a chick eats about 16.5 kilog ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 04:41:34 -0500 From: "Congrats!" Subject: Claim Your One Hundred Dollar Paypal Reward Claim Your One Hundred Dollar Paypal Reward http://vitiliged.buzz/5rodjAivwDT6xSFggPBV6hlO3poIemYGlrFgo87bb-mduUhy http://vitiliged.buzz/t5cwHFiK9ev9wkj0pIcLpzxighMCL62-96lyk5SWBQkCdlwu izes two different techniques. When it is not sufficiently warm and clear, such as in the late afternoon or on cloudy days, this stork alternates between flapping its wings and gliding for short periods of time. When it is warm and clear, this bird glides after it gains an altitude of at least 610 metres (2,000 ft) through continuously flapping its wings. It can then glide for distances ranging from 16 to 24 kilometres (9.9 to 14.9 mi). It does not have to flap its wings during this time because the warm thermals are strong enough to support its weight. Because of the energy that is conserved by soaring, this stork usually uses this method to fly to more distant areas. It flies with its neck outstretched and its legs and feet trailing behind it. When flying to foraging areas, the wood stork averages a speed of about 24.5 kilometres per hour (15.2 mph). In flapping flight it does 34.5 kilometres per hour (21.4 mph), and about 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) by gliding. Excretion and thermoregulation A wood stork shading its young During the breeding season, the wood stork commonly defecates over the edge of its nest, while the chicks usually defecate inside. The method of defecation of the adult differs based on temperature. Normally, it excretes by leaning forward and slightly raising its tail, with the waste either going straight down or slightly backward. When it is hot, though, the adult takes a different position, quickly moving its tail downwards and forwards while twisting its body around to aim at a leg that is bent backward (this is called urohidrosis). Which leg is aimed at is alternated. The excrement aimed at the legs is fluid and watery. It gene ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 05:31:26 -0500 From: "Congrats!" Subject: You are eligible! You are eligible! http://drainwood.bid/vKf9yUiMAWryFOiMb8IYFo2hUQVSuKSx5bebC6mLOsEx_zwU http://drainwood.bid/EGGQUxDp_0zEwDTO3rM00rGv55b2Sn26LMqgN6SRLr3lfuUL nomer Aryabhata propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated Earth's rotation about its axis, which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. He also believed that the orbits of planets are elliptical. Aryabhata's followers were particularly strong in South India, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth, among others, were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them. In 1500, Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, in his Tantrasangraha, revised Aryabhata's model. In his Aryabhatiyabhasya, a commentary on Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya, he developed a planetary model where Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. Most astronomers of the Kerala school who followed him accepted his planetary model. Medieval Muslim astronomy Main articles: Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and Cosmology in medieval Islam In the 11th century, the transit of Venus was observed by Avicenna, who established that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun. In the 12th century, Ibn Bajjah observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun", which was later identified as a transit of Mercury and Venus by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al-Din Shirazi in the 13th century. Ibn Bajjah could not have observed a transit of Venus, because none occurred in his lifet ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 07:57:57 -0500 From: "Professional Drone" Subject: I am happy that I discovered the DronePro 4K! I am happy that I discovered the DronePro 4K! http://dronemachine.icu/f46GLuSs2lob7l0UXTba9VcjSeM7hM-ZtZzKlYDOFWTx68F3 http://dronemachine.icu/4_6P_OCijlER_gkPPDKrfvuh43J43b4mD2VuwvVuOAzyc-iD sh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water. Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain. Minimum streamflow An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations. Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and indus ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 03:48:18 -0500 From: "Shoulder Holsters For FREE!" Subject: Use This Free Double-Sided Shoulder Holster Use This Free Double-Sided Shoulder Holster http://mysheds.buzz/wCJDbrDyEBxG83y9maEcHRyqgzTSV9HFAbQLKzw1U0ZM8QHY http://mysheds.buzz/Zu3RVnxuTRnd83tLWEdNhR4200YbUR2eyAn9VjHW6elqnEnM ore often than smaller fish, even in some cases where the latter is more abundant. It is estimated that an adult wood stork needs about 520 grams (1.15 lb) per day to sustain itself. For a whole family, it is estimated that about 200 kilograms (440 lb) are needed per breeding season. A wood stork foraging The wood stork usually forages in flocks when not breeding, and alone and in small groups when it is breeding. In the dry season, the stork generally forages by slowly walking forward with its bill submerged in water while groping for food. During the wet season, this method is used about 40% of the time to catch food. During this period, foot stirring, where the stork walks very slowly with its bill in water while pumping its foot up and down before every step, is used about 35% of the time. Both these hunting methods are non-visual. Because of its non-visual foraging methods, the wood stork requires shallow water and a high density of fish to forage successfully. The water that it forages in during the dry season averages about 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in depth, while during the wet season, the water usually is about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) deep. In the dry season, this stork prefers to forage in waters with no emergent vegetation, whereas in the wet season, it prefers areas with vegetation emerging between 10 and 20 centimetres (3.9 and 7.9 in) above the surface on average. This bird can travel over 80 kilometres (50 mi) to reach foraging sites, lending it access to a wide variety of habitats. Both parents feed the chicks by regurgitating food onto the nest floor. The chicks are mainly fed fish that are between 2 and 25 centimetres (0.79 and 9.84 in) in length, with the length of the fish, usually increasing as the chicks get older. The amount of food that the chicks get changes over time, with more being fed daily from hatching to about 22 days, when food intake levels off. This continues until about 45 days, when food consum ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 06:59:50 -0500 From: "Easy.Canvas.Prints" Subject: Huge Savings On Amazing Gifts! Up to 93% Off Canvas Prints! Huge Savings On Amazing Gifts! Up to 93% Off Canvas Prints! http://offerhad.icu/N6O_Ko6jnY9tFYYDS54lalztd9fopwJ1iVYKI3LURU8z5KAQ http://offerhad.icu/VG0utDDJ1FsC_x_N1GoH7qdbPVVVbbxfaYGFTSLOKWY2bvS7 ical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents, appear to survive without drinking, but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds, and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree. Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this proces ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Dec 2020 05:04:01 -0500 From: "Jessie" Subject: Congratulations! A Lowe's reward has arrived! Congratulations! A Lowe's reward has arrived! http://flashpowers.co/Pqz1wRsGGiJhN69wibORkNsdmFMMnbZFPxwNtHFv9iMcNc2u http://flashpowers.co/vZQkhH3BNpXbNpybLAlSiwcPI-ghycoMFfJO4ML7qLZmO2D6 overy during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars, disputes arose over what should constitute a planet. There were particular disagreements over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a belt, or if it was large enough to generate energy by the thermonuclear fusion of deuterium. A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet, because many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System (the Kuiper belt) during the 1990s and early 2000s. Pluto was found to be just one small body in a population of thousands. Some of them, such as Quaoar, Sedna, and Eris, were heralded in the popular press as the tenth planet, failing to receive widespread scientific recognition. The announcement of Eris in 2005, an object then thought of as 27% more massive than Pluto, created the necessity and public desire for an official definition of a planet. Acknowledging the problem, the IAU set about creating the definition of planet, and produced one in August 2006. The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and a new class of dwarf planets was created, initially containing three objects (Ceres, Pluto and Eris). Extrasolar planets There is no official definition of extrasolar planets. In 2003, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement, but this position statement was never proposed as an official IAU resolution and was never voted on by IAU members. The positions statement incorporates the following guidelines, mostly focused upon the boundary between planets and brown dwa ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 03:54:36 -0500 From: "Belly Holster" Subject: Grab yours now right here if you want one. Grab yours now right here if you want one. http://newfund.buzz/qweQ8EemmQqcFU-X3RWmlM1OIkWUiEwSS2CIGf5DwNqBwoiy http://newfund.buzz/4aQnqenbm-Ou3tMeJTZumBBjRuaDRce5DKeSvCGlqhXLe3LQ ntil at least three weeks of age, with one parent foraging while the other guards the nest and chicks. When the chicks are at least three weeks old, they are large enough to stay and protect the nest. This coincides with the chicks getting more aggressive when presented with foreign objects or organisms. They fledge 60 to 65 days after hatching, and reach sexual maturity at four years of age, although they usually do not successfully fledge chicks until their fifth year of age. The hatching success, the percentage of birds that had at least one egg that hatched in a year, of the wood stork is around 62%. This can vary widely, though, with colonies ranging from about 26% to 89% hatching success. The period when chicks are most vulnerable to death is from hatching to when they are two weeks old. Overall, about 31% of nests produce at least one fledged bird. Raccoons and caracaras, especially northern crested caracaras, are prominent predators of eggs and chicks. Other causes of nesting failure is the falling of nests, thus breaking the eggs inside. This can be caused by many events, the most prominent being poor nest construction and fights between adults. Feeding During the dry season, the wood stork eats mostly fish, supplemented by insects. During the wet season, on the other hand, fish make up about half the diet, crabs make up about 30%, and insects and frogs make up the rest. The wood stork eats larg ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 05:52:39 -0500 From: "Thank you! Home Depot" Subject: Few People Know How to Save with Free Samples Few People Know How to Save with Free Samples http://offermarket.icu/9gqhQOGcO4hkwhcvghkxdheWyxEFjGTkcFBdMsBig29vBmhF http://offermarket.icu/2nrvbiOK152MSn0Si_plLzPaPhu3DuXK9S-7KKvWKE7O-n5j ctly constitutes a colony is a matter of definition. Tufted puffins, for example, are pelagic birds that nest on the steep slopes and rocky crevices on coastal cliffs, often on islands. Each pair excavates its own burrow. A congregation of puffin burrows on a marine island is considered a colony. Sand martins (called bank swallows in North America) are seldom, if ever, observed to nest in solitude; such a dependence on social nesting would term the bird a colonial nester. A more extreme example of colonial nesting is found in the weaverbird family. The sociable weaver of southern Africa constructs massive, multi-family dwellings of twigs and dry grasses, with many entrances leading to different nesting chambers, accommodating as many as a hundred nesting pairs. These structures resemble haystacks hanging from trees, and have been likened to apartment buildings or beehives. Some seabird colonies host thousands of nesting pairs of various species. Triangle Island, for example, the largest seabird colony in British Columbia, Canada, is home to auks, gulls, cormorants, shorebirds, and other birds, as well as some marine mammals. Many seabirds show remarkable site fidelity, returning to the same burrow, nest or site for many years, and they will defend that site from rivals with great vigour. This increases breeding success, provides a place for returning mates to reunite, and reduces the costs of prospecting for a new site. Young adults breeding for the first time usually return to their natal colony, and often nest very close to where they hatched. Individual nesting sites at seabird colonies can be widely spaced, as in an albatross colony, or densely packed like an auk colony. In most seabird colonies several different species will nest on the same colony, often exhibiting some niche separat ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5556 **********************************************