From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5512 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, December 18 2020 Volume 14 : Number 5512 Today's Subjects: ----------------- We Need YOU to Test Out Our New Survival Gear! ["Patriot Saw" ] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 03:36:52 -0500 From: "Patriot Saw" Subject: We Need YOU to Test Out Our New Survival Gear! We Need YOU to Test Out Our New Survival Gear! http://backpainsos.co/Lv5rEAnd_2jpmm5iVBV7V94ZyCRtjOQp3Bur0UoEV75dR8CK http://backpainsos.co/IgeqsFnMWEu05qIBYrIFqZ1S2pLDHHi5CTlh98ZMFtUwfKt9 igation into the origin of birds began shortly after the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In 1860, a fossilized feather was discovered in Germany's Late Jurassic Solnhofen limestone. Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer described this feather as Archaeopteryx lithographica the next year. Richard Owen described a nearly complete skeleton in 1863, recognizing it as a bird despite many features reminiscent of reptiles, including clawed forelimbs and a long, bony tail. Biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his tenacious support of the new theory of evolution by means of natural selection, almost immediately seized upon Archaeopteryx as a transitional fossil between birds and reptiles. Starting in 1868, and following earlier suggestions by Karl Gegenbaur, and Edward Drinker Cope, Huxley made detailed comparisons of Archaeopteryx with various prehistoric reptiles and found that it was most similar to dinosaurs like Hypsilophodon and Compsognathus. The discovery in the late 1870s of the iconic "Berlin specimen" of Archaeopteryx, complete with a set of reptilian teeth, provided further evidence. Like Cope, Huxley proposed an evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs. Although Huxley was opposed by the very influential Owen, his conclusions were accepted by many biologists, including Baron Franz Nopcsa, while others, notably Harry Seeley, argued that the similarities were due to convergent evolution. Heilmann and the thecodont hypothesis Main article: The Origin of Birds (book) A turning point came in the early twentieth century with the writings of Gerhard Heilmann of Denmark. An artist by trade, Heilmann had a scholarly interest in birds and from 1913 to 1916, expanding on earlier work by Othenio Abel, published the results of his research in several parts, dealing with the anatomy, embryology, behavior, paleontology, and evolution of birds. His work, originally written in Danish as Vor Nuvaerende Viden om Fuglenes Afstamning, was compiled, transla ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 06:52:02 -0500 From: "CVS Shopper Gift Card Chance" Subject: Shopper, You can qualify to get a $50 CVS gift card! Shopper, You can qualify to get a $50 CVS gift card! http://cbstate.buzz/Wvbv7l-ec8SOPVoJXpLC-V8T4tHameNXfvJsU842E2BmR0zq http://cbstate.buzz/RDVvGlMQnFpjEscd-7EdDeNj2efxKnW-_OLT_6MZhcJ8oUVK ing eggs, female birds grow a special type of bone in their limbs. This medullary bone forms as a calcium-rich layer inside the hard outer bone, and is used as a calcium source to make eggshells. The presence of endosteally derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen's hind limb suggested that T. rex used similar reproductive strategies, and revealed that the specimen is female. Further research has found medullary bone in the theropod Allosaurus and ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that dinosaurs in general produced medullary tissue. Brooding and care of young A nesting Citipati osmolskae specimen, at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City Several Citipati specimens have been found resting over the eggs in its nest in a position most reminiscent of brooding. Numerous dinosaur species, for example Maiasaura, have been found in herds mixing both very young and adult individuals, suggesting rich interactions between them. A dinosaur embryo was found without teeth, which suggests some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaur, possibly the adult dinosaur regurgitated food into the young dinosaur's mouth (see altricial). This behaviour is seen in numerous bird species; parent birds regurgitate food into the hatchling's mouth. Gizzard stones Both birds and dinosaurs use gizzard stones. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibres once they enter the stomach. When found in association with fossils, gizzard stones are called gastroliths. Gizzard stones are also found in some fish (mullets, mud shad, and the gillaroo, a type of trout) and in crocodi ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 06:18:43 -0500 From: "Hiding Guns!" Subject: Move your guns immediately (urgent!!!) Move your guns immediately (urgent!!!) http://mechanism.icu/kgEfuB_mw5TfVjUzf99_g7lZqyWxcVVkuePTfBRREDpFirQ_ http://mechanism.icu/rCljLCdegW4K8FDfucC53EwGvIPWgf8ugL83rdbHEROfBpO- pectively endothermic saurians, according to this hypothesis, as a response to the loss of the vertebrate mitochondrial uncoupling protein, UCP1, which is thermogenic. In mammals, UCP1 functions within brown adipose tissue to protect newborns against hypothermia. In modern birds, skeletal muscle serves a similar function and is presumed to have done so in their ancestors. In this view, bipedality and other avian skeletal alterations were side effects of muscle hyperplasia, with further evolutionary modifications of the forelimbs, including adaptations for flight or swimming, and vestigiality, being secondary consequences of two-leggedness. Phylogeny Further information: Coelurosauria, Maniraptoriformes, and Avemetatarsalia Archaeopteryx has historically been considered the first bird, or Urvogel. Although newer fossil discoveries filled the gap between theropods and Archaeopteryx, as well as the gap between Archaeopteryx and modern birds, phylogenetic taxonomists, in keeping with tradition, almost always use Archaeopteryx as a specifier to help define Aves. Aves has more rarely been defined as a crown group consisting only of modern birds. Nearly all palaeontologists regard birds as coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Within Coelurosauria, multiple cladistic analyses have found support for a clade named Maniraptora, consisting of therizinosauroids, oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds. Of these, dromaeosaurids and troodontids are usually united in the clade Deinonychosauria, which is a sister group to birds (together forming the node-clade Eumaniraptora) within the stem-clade Paraves. Other studies have proposed alternative phylogenies, in which certain groups of dinosaurs usually considered non-avian may have evolved from avian ancestors. For example, a 2002 analysis found that oviraptorosaurs were basal avians. Alvarezsaurids, known from Asia and the Americas, have been variously classified as basal maniraptorans, paravians, the sister taxon of ornith ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 02:50:17 -0500 From: "Supermarket Survey" Subject: Want to Win up to $1,500 for Groceries? Want to Win up to $1,500 for Groceries? http://govmutual.buzz/LyCGSEYUh1Ix0-yGVq-NFWxxZdrXH-c78V-zoeeyoLUuxGUH http://govmutual.buzz/gGQ9IYPOQYDx2b8T9uzGYaHe2SjysaCCPk3BhsQnxCaNsSiG erines are altricial: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. Hence, the chicks require extensive parental care. Most passerines lay coloured eggs, in contrast with nonpasserines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as Charadriiformes and nightjars, where camouflage is necessary, and in some parasitic cuckoos, which match the passerine host's egg. The vinous-throated parrotbill has two egg colours, white and blue, to deter the brood parasitic common cuckoo. Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg, most smaller passerines in warmer climates lay between two and five, while in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, hole-nesting species like tits can lay up to a dozen and other species around five or six. The family Viduidae do not build their own nests, instead, they lay eggs in other birds' nests. Origin and evolution The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now believed, are the result of convergent evolution, not a close genetic relationship. For example, the wrens of the Americas and Eurasia; those of Australia; and those of New Zealand look superficially similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes. Advances in molecular biology and improved paleobiogeographical data gradually are revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology and the specifics of the fossil record. The first passerines are now thought to have evolved in Gondwana (in the Southern Hemisphere) in the late Paleocene or early Eocene, around 50 million years ago. The initial split was between the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) and all other passe ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 05:09:28 -0500 From: "Thank you! Home Depot" Subject: Home Depot reward - Open immediately! Home Depot reward - Open immediately! http://easysurveyrewards.best/fDNAxzN1Mjwe7AxitIfqnBl5L46FnwK8FQ0y7N_XC19GA-sd http://easysurveyrewards.best/L8Dvkob-icOItKumYlmr1iNUlljPkGU1l0mtepAYzEiCEMrs wide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with high sctacularly preserved bird fossils in several Early Cretaceous geological formations in the northeastern Chinese province of Liaoning. In 1996, Chinese paleontologists described Sinosauropteryx as a new genus of bird from the Yixian Formation, but this animal was quickly recognized as a more basal theropod dinosaur closely related to Compsognathus. Surprisingly, its body was covered by long filamentous structures. These were dubbed 'protofeathers' and considered homologous with the more advanced feathers of birds, although some scientists disagree with this assessment. Chinese and North American scientists described Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx soon after. Based on skeletal features, these animals were non-avian dinosaurs, but their remains bore fully formed feathers closely resembling those of birds. "Archaeoraptor", described without peer review in a 1999 issue of National Geographic, turned out to be a smuggled forgery, but legitimate remains continue to pour out of the Yixian, both legally and illegally. Feathers or "protofeathers" have been found on a wide variety of theropods in the Yixian, and the discoveries of extremely bird-like non-avian dinosaurs, as well as non-avian dinosaur-like primitive birds, have almost entirely closed the morphological gap between non-avian theropods and birds. Digit homology There is a debate between embryologists and paleontologists whether the hands of theropod dinosaurs and birds are essentially different, based on phalangeal counts, a count of the number of phalanges (fingers) in the hand. This is an important and fiercely debated area of research because its results may challenge the consensus that birds are (descendants of) dinosaurs. Embryologists and some paleontologists who oppose the bird-dinosaur link have long numbered the digits of birds II-III-IV on the basis of multiple studies of the development in the egg. This is based on the fact that in most amniotes, the first digit to form in a 5-fingered hand is digit IV, which develops a primary axis. Therefore, embryologists have identified the primary axis in birds as digit IV, and the surviving digits as II-III-IV. The fossils of adva ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 09:26:28 -0500 From: "Ford Explorers For Sale" Subject: Coronavirus COVID-19 and the impact on car and auto auctions Coronavirus COVID-19 and the impact on car and auto auctions http://dailmulti.bid/raCOc-Uao2fNVwarNA-aAIify35MqyyUKXTZsC43ly_jascL http://dailmulti.bid/61tpd4OWhH9Mvn2o1rUqFZuvuAlDz1vegsH9-1UhxhXgZ07N rentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different castes of workers, is influenced in some species by the nutrition the larvae obtain. Genetic influences and the control of gene expression by the developmental environment are complex and the determination of caste continues to be a subject of research. Winged male ants, called drones, emerge from pupae along with the usually winged breeding females. Some species, such as army ants, have wingless queens. Larvae and pupae need to be kept at fairly constant temperatures to ensure proper development, and so often are moved around among the various brood chambers within the colony. A new ergate spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young. She then graduates to digging and other nest work, and later to defending the nest and foraging. These changes are sometimes fairly sudden, and define what are called temporal castes. An explanation for the sequence is suggested by the high casualties involved in foraging, making it an acceptable risk only for ants who are older and are likely to die soon of natural causes. Ant colonies can be long-lived. The queens can live for up to 30 years, and workers live from 1 to 3 years. Males, however, are more transitory, being quite short-lived and surviving for only a few weeks. Ant queens are estimated to live 100 times as long as solitary insects of a similar size. Ants are active all year long in the tropics, but, in cooler reg ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 08:37:05 -0500 From: "South Beach Skin" Subject: Avoid mouth wrinkles with thisā¦ Avoid mouth wrinkles with thisb& http://naturalmedi.co/jN4qm7Qo6sJpLHF9iCUGLH-69udcUwH_8KG_fFbOrzhXzFdA http://naturalmedi.co/FbZhDB6eXnXFEzwazO0qobVGwjwXTDfKWuqwBytKskT4dJUL und on all continents except Antarctica, and only a few large islands, such as Greenland, Iceland, parts of Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands lack native ant species. Ants occupy a wide range of ecological niches and exploit many different food resources as direct or indirect herbivores, predators and scavengers. Most ant species are omnivorous generalists, but a few are specialist feeders. Their ecological dominance is demonstrated by their biomass: ants are estimated to contribute 15b20 % (on average and nearly 25% in the tropics) of terrestrial animal biomass, exceeding that of the vertebrates. Ants range in size from 0.75 to 52 millimetres (0.030b2.0 in), the largest species being the fossil Titanomyrma giganteum, the queen of which was 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long with a wingspan of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). Ants vary in colour; most ants are red or black, but a few species are green and some tropical species have a metallic lustre. More than 12,000 species are currently known (with upper estimates of the potential existence of about 22,000; see the article List of ant genera), with the greatest diversity in the tropics. Taxonomic studies continue to resolve the classification and systematics of ants. Online databases of ant species, including AntBase and the Hymenoptera Name Server, help to keep track of the known and newly described species. The relative ease with which ants may be sampled and studied in ecosystems has made them useful as indicator species in biodiversity st ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 02:34:42 -0500 From: "US Housing Helper Benefits Team" Subject: FREE guide for housing benefits eligibility here! FREE guide for housing benefits eligibility here! http://backpainsos.co/iLuGuaHF_0xWt5qEq1pBk1urndO2EId6UeZnkT1jWU-gu3Ps http://backpainsos.co/n0OMq2vsMjiwisC4kFmVz5CQlWb67O9c8wvwNkaRk7Okcrj_ mong birds, producing a wide range of songs and other vocalizations (though some of them, such as the crows, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the lyrebird are accomplished imitators. The acanthisittids or New Zealand wrens are tiny birds restricted to New Zealand, at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri. Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a typical passerine Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are the thick-billed raven and the larger races of common raven, each exceeding 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 in). The superb lyrebird and some birds-of-paradise, due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall. The smallest passerine is the short-tailed pygmy tyrant, at 6.5 cm (2.6 in) and 4.2 g (0.15 oz). Anatomy The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called anisodactyl arrangement, and the hind toe (hallux) joins the leg at approximately the same level as the front toes. This arrangement enables passerine birds to easily perch upright on branches. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some cotingas, the second and third toes are united at their basal third. The leg of passerine birds contains an additional special adaptation for perching. A tendon in the rear of the leg running from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the tibiotarsus will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg bends, causing the foot to curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep while perching without falling off. Most passerine birds have 12 tail feathers but the superb lyrebird has 16, and several spinetails in the family Furnariidae have 10, 8, or even 6, as is the case of Des Murs's wiretail. Species adap ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 05:48:13 -0500 From: "Trump Secrets" Subject: Exposes how the left has set Donald Trump up for failure. Exposes how the left has set Donald Trump up for failure. http://cbstate.buzz/1JI1xnOQ8QO4TMNhvINt1j8yufZ5onRnTS8gt4GuqCq0RotJ http://cbstate.buzz/wuMX3A1no2-w4h-CRfcZb9A88FiR8T64nz0ux-ioE-Ft0dcK rent remnants of a complex four-chambered heart, much like those found in today's mammals and birds. The idea is controversial within the scientific community, criticised for being bad anatomical science or simply wishful thinking. A study published in 2011 applied multiple lines of inquiry to the question of the object's identity, including more advanced CT scanning, histology, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. From these methods, the authors found that: the object's internal structure does not include chambers but is made up of three unconnected areas of lower density material, and is not comparable to the structure of an ostrich's heart; the "walls" are composed of sedimentary minerals not known to be produced in biological systems, such as goethite, feldspar minerals, quartz, and gypsum, as well as some plant fragments; carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, chemical elements important to life, were lacking in their samples; and cardiac cellular structures were absent. There was one possible patch with animal cellular structures. The authors found their data supported identification as a concretion of sand from the burial environment, not the heart, with the possibility that isolated areas of tissues were preserved. The question of how this find reflects metabolic rate and dinosaur internal anatomy is moot, though, regardless of the object's identity. Both modern crocodilians and birds, the closest living relatives of dinosaurs, have four-chambered hearts (albeit modified in crocodilians), so dinos ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 07:37:59 -0500 From: "DronePro 4K" Subject: The perfect professional drone on a budget. The perfect professional drone on a budget. http://mechanism.icu/RufSsVWc1HwcaEI3FLtRUXFZMoqbpC3Q4oJVSm6vrI4VR_vM http://mechanism.icu/gTvd-uG_TgRZoI0UVWbpaBrkHs40w5fZamrEL5uUNpB3GbNZ eral occasions, the extraction of DNA and proteins from Mesozoic dinosaurs fossils has been claimed, allowing for a comparison with birds. Several proteins have putatively been detected in dinosaur fossils, including hemoglobin. In the March 2005 issue of Science, Dr. Mary Higby Schweitzer and her team announced the discovery of flexible material resembling actual soft tissue inside a 68-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex leg bone of specimen MOR 1125 from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana. The seven collagen types obtained from the bone fragments, compared to collagen data from living birds (specifically, a chicken), suggest that older theropods and birds are closely related. The soft tissue allowed a molecular comparison of cellular anatomy and protein sequencing of collagen tissue published in 2007, both of which indicated that T. rex and birds are more closely related to each other than either is to Alligator. A second molecular study robustly supported the relationship of birds to dinosaurs, though it did not place birds within Theropoda, as expected. This study utilized eight additional collagen sequences extracted from a femur of the "mummified" Brachylophosaurus canadensis specimen MOR 2598, a hadrosaur. However, these results have been very controversial. No other peptides of a Mesozoic age have been reported. In 2008, it was suggested that the presumed soft tissue was in fact a bacterial microfilm. In response, it was argued that these very microfilms protected the soft tissue. Another objection was that the results could have been caused by contamination. In 2015, under more controlled conditions safeguarding against contamination, the peptides were still identified. In 2017, a study found that a peptide was present in the bone of the modern ostrich that was identical to that found in the Tyrannosaurus and Brachylophosaurus specimens, highlighting the danger of a cross-contamination. 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Thanks, Jay Miller ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5512 **********************************************