From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5171 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Thursday, October 22 2020 Volume 14 : Number 5171 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Just for you. Survey Invite Inside. ["Market Research Recruiter" Subject: Just for you. Survey Invite Inside. Just for you. Survey Invite Inside. http://buildyrown.buzz/l_QU4iifhtmmESs6HIkYJCrxFwY6NJH0ZDbUGz_xqwZ0DKyH http://buildyrown.buzz/8hp-4CSCPctcEgf-JcMV6OXSWFhhhCu33fTay2srXMqZLaO8 provide advance warning to the Australian fighters based at Milne Bay. On 7 August, five Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) P-40 Kittyhawks of No. 76 Squadron made forced landings on the grassy plains. One crashed on landing and had to be written off, but after makeshift airstrips were cut through the grass, the remaining four were able to fly out again. On 24 August, seven landing craft carrying 353 Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces troops of Commander Torashige Tsukioka's 5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force, supplemented by a few engineers of the 14th and 15th Pioneer Units (Setsueitai), set out from Cape Nelson in the dark to participate in the attack on the Allied forces at Milne Bay. Upon reaching Goodenough Island they were unable to locate a suitable hiding place during the day for their landing craft, which had to be left on the beach, where the Allies discovered them. A coastwatcher at Cape Nelson reported the Japanese movements, and Milne Bay received a report around midday on 25 August that Japanese were on the west coast of Goodenough Island. Nine Kittyhawks from No. 75 Squadron RAAF were despatched to investigate. They located the landing craft and destroyed all seven, along with the Japanese force's radio and most of its stores. The air raid killed eight Japanese; the survivors, lacking transport, were stranded. Meanwhile, the American detachment on Goodenough Island destroyed its own radios and withdrew from the island. News of what had occurred on Goodenough Island reached the Japanese command on 9 September via an orderly who had made his way ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 04:53:33 -0400 From: "**MeetRussianLady**" Subject: Russian Lady Who Want to Have Fun <3 Russian Lady Who Want to Have Fun <3 http://varietary.today/0ACjA0lTFmTeqO3Dr6tw6hsfrODn34p0McZ7od7mPDMd4xLw http://varietary.today/WOW_Zrh-j-4WtpQQNwohbnidp0-CyU7ekuaEilxylmTW93Fv In turn, track ballast typically rests on a layer of small crushed stones: the sub-ballast. The sub-ballast layer gives a solid support for the top ballast, and reduces the ingress of water from the underlying ground. Sometimes an elastic mat is placed on the layer of sub-ballast and beneath the ballast, thereby significantly reducing vibration. It is essential for ballast to be piled as high as the ties, and for a substantial "shoulder" to be placed at their ends. The latter is especially important, because the ballast shoulder is the main restraint to lateral movement of the track. The ballast shoulder should be at least 150 mm (6 inches) wide, and may be as wide as 450 mm (18 inches). Irregularly cut brown stones with edges Ballast must be irregularly shaped to work properly The shape of the ballast is also important. Stones must be irregular, with sharp edges. That ensures they properly interlock with each other and the ties so as to fully secure them against movement. Spherical stones cannot do that. In order to let new ballast fully settle and interlock, speed limits are often reduced for a period of time on sections of track where fresh ballast has been laid. Maintenance New track ballast ready for laying at Boxmeer railway station in the Netherlands A ballast regulator shaping newly placed ballast Ballast tamping machine as used in railroad track maintenance (Dade City, Florida) If ballast is badly fouled, the clogging will reduce its ability to drain properly. That, in turn, causes debris to be sucked up from the sub-ballast, causing more fouling. Therefore, keeping the ballast clean is essential. Bioremediation can be used to clean ballast. It is not always necessary to replace the ballast if it is fouled, nor must all the ballast be removed if it is to be cleaned. Removing and cleaning the ballast from the shoulder is often sufficient, if shoulder ballast is removed to the correct depth. While that job was done historically by manual labour, that process is now, as with many other railway maintenance tasks, a mechanised one, with a chain of specially-designed railroad cars handling the task. One wagon cuts the ballast and passes it via a conveyor belt to a cleaning machine, which washes the ballast and deposits the dirt and ballast into other wagons for disposal or re-use. Such machines can clean up to two kilometres ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 04:53:10 -0400 From: "**MeetRussianLady**" Subject: Russian Lady Who Want to Have Fun <3 Russian Lady Who Want to Have Fun <3 http://varietary.today/wJZzClpnHfIBV8epD2qZnxRkKcB9CBRvClxjeeL-BOKopCPv http://varietary.today/qkhAhJ6g06LQydcUKz-dybnU7SgKq2GfL7xI1q6FpAiDTwhH In turn, track ballast typically rests on a layer of small crushed stones: the sub-ballast. The sub-ballast layer gives a solid support for the top ballast, and reduces the ingress of water from the underlying ground. Sometimes an elastic mat is placed on the layer of sub-ballast and beneath the ballast, thereby significantly reducing vibration. It is essential for ballast to be piled as high as the ties, and for a substantial "shoulder" to be placed at their ends. The latter is especially important, because the ballast shoulder is the main restraint to lateral movement of the track. The ballast shoulder should be at least 150 mm (6 inches) wide, and may be as wide as 450 mm (18 inches). Irregularly cut brown stones with edges Ballast must be irregularly shaped to work properly The shape of the ballast is also important. Stones must be irregular, with sharp edges. That ensures they properly interlock with each other and the ties so as to fully secure them against movement. Spherical stones cannot do that. In order to let new ballast fully settle and interlock, speed limits are often reduced for a period of time on sections of track where fresh ballast has been laid. Maintenance New track ballast ready for laying at Boxmeer railway station in the Netherlands A ballast regulator shaping newly placed ballast Ballast tamping machine as used in railroad track maintenance (Dade City, Florida) If ballast is badly fouled, the clogging will reduce its ability to drain properly. That, in turn, causes debris to be sucked up from the sub-ballast, causing more fouling. Therefore, keeping the ballast clean is essential. Bioremediation can be used to clean ballast. It is not always necessary to replace the ballast if it is fouled, nor must all the ballast be removed if it is to be cleaned. Removing and cleaning the ballast from the shoulder is often sufficient, if shoulder ballast is removed to the correct depth. While that job was done historically by manual labour, that process is now, as with many other railway maintenance tasks, a mechanised one, with a chain of specially-designed railroad cars handling the task. One wagon cuts the ballast and passes it via a conveyor belt to a cleaning machine, which washes the ballast and deposits the dirt and ballast into other wagons for disposal or re-use. Such machines can clean up to two kilometres ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 03:02:43 -0400 From: "Combat Flight Simulator" Subject: ProFlightSimulator⢠has extremely smooth and fluid instrument animation ProFlightSimulatorb" has extremely smooth and fluid instrument animation http://lostbook.buzz/5AZexGrIOp5xeSd2928_64rFVOjCAqr6fGO_yDlPrJHaDwgo http://lostbook.buzz/NFC9-KU3KSbO0u1kl-63MO5dD7ggIk8dHr6zqk6y8fjrb3jn at Mud Bay, and a smaller one of 120 men, mostly from C Company, commanded by Major Keith Gategood, which landed at Taleba Bay, about 6 miles (10 km) away. Australian landing craft were unavailable, but the 2/12th Infantry Battalion had three ketches, the Matoma, Maclaren King and Tieryo, three Japanese landing craft that had been captured in the Battle of Milne Bay, and two powered whaleboats. Seven days' rations were carried on these craft, and another seven days' on the two destroyers. Each man carried three days' rations. Drake Force had two AWA 3B Wireless Sets for maintaining communication with Milne Force. One was taken to Mud Bay while the other remained on Arunta. Two Army No. 101 Wireless Sets enabled battalion headquarters to communicate with Mud Bay. Each company had an Army No. 108 Wireless Set to talk to battalion headquarters. The Mud Bay force travelled in Arunta and came ashore at around 23:00 in the Maclaren King, two of the ship's launches, the three Japanese landing craft and the two powered whaleboats. A base was established at Mud Bay, where a dressing station was prepared and heavy equipment, including all but one 2-inch mortar per company, was cached. The Australians then set out on a gruelling march to Kilia, guided by Papuan policemen. As they moved off, a violent thunderstorm broke, and it started to rain heavily. The force pushed on toward Kilia, but made slow progress that night ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 04:08:04 -0400 From: "Your Asian Beauty" Subject: Interested in singles See photos! Interested in singles See photos! http://consiblic.buzz/3t3l2f8envup-T0_aoc7vh4EZ8A9W6GA9Z5SpJT08qdoDIvn http://consiblic.buzz/_XTkhHpM9O4b_UjluDtI8slsBuKti3OZWL0bZTAS6gvuKiL3 A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired track geometry and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly on its upper surface (using a resilient pad). There are a number of proprietary systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab, or alternatively the use of pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many permutations of design have been put forward. However, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or very high loading routes, in short extensions that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for localised replacement where there are exceptional maintenance difficulties, for example in tunnels. Most rapid transit lines and rubber-tyred metro systems use ballastless track. Continuous longitudinally supported track Diagram of cross section of 1830s ladder type track used on the Leeds and Selby Railway Ladder track at Shinagawa Station, Tokyo, Japan Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with continuous bearing railtrack, in which the rail was supported along its length, with examples including Brunel's baulk road on the Great Western Railway, as well as use on the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to a design by John Hawkshaw, and elsewhere. Continuous-bearing designs were also promoted by other engineers. The system was tested on the Baltimore and Ohio railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more expensive to maintain than ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 06:05:25 -0400 From: "Eliminating Snoring" Subject: Secret behind the effectiveness of this Secret behind the effectiveness of this http://workersfelds.today/1jg3FIQhsbD6VdZ9ccneV-ZoLoqqj4MJExwoH2LdZG037DU http://workersfelds.today/FgGe996ESbXCquEbh8mkx28MovQA1Wx8UHqsPYfRA3kSk1k New drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material: gravel, sea shells, stone or rock. The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic (PVC or PE) pipe is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain. Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of HDPE, often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use which eliminates the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners. Over the past 30 years geotextile, PVC filters and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions. 21st century alternatives Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems". The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area. An emphasis on non curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings, the run off water from the urban ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 05:23:36 -0400 From: "Earn Your Degree" Subject: Go Back to School with Flexible Course Programs Go Back to School with Flexible Course Programs http://landscapideas.buzz/U5fruaA5fgfGv9o2qvCKOpOX1Ee68BimLGEG-sxgbQTbarLb http://landscapideas.buzz/wfqp_rcbWzvn-CJD7SjgvxOb9aN41d5raWiDDPsFEjUiWIhP rails supported on timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers, which are themselves laid on crushed stone ballast. Most railroads with heavy traffic utilize continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via base plates that spread the load. A plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie plate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is usually held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings, although cut spikes are widely used in North American practice. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, and a considerable extent of this track type remains on secondary and tertiary routes. The rails were typically of flat bottom section fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate in North America and Australia, and typically of bullhead section carried in cast iron chairs in British and Irish practice. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail and the supposed advantage of bullhead rail - that the rail could be turned over and re-used when the top surface had become worn - turned out to be unworkable in practice because the underside was usually ruined by fretting from the chairs. Jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. However, the intrinsic weakness in resisting vertical loading results in the ballast becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the joints. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads. Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, Chromated copper arsenate, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2020 07:01:04 -0400 From: "Secret Magic System" Subject: How to use spells to your advantage... How to use spells to your advantage... http://healinic.buzz/zp3HFgOQFxBBmI0A1_xcv_wc5NnVgkDXxHPWViskCmNurVY3 http://healinic.buzz/qs6-cyPMpdrFRMu4iIpGLFOlkYOiZOsqkynnnhJbns5Hh_lf Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2020 09:19:52 -0400 From: "Unique natural formula" Subject: You can support your prostate from the urge to go all the time You can support your prostate from the urge to go all the time http://prostastreams.best/03iSje2p_hydF18965E6xpnOYvsyDIID9EYt8dH04htVXg http://prostastreams.best/fghMx0c6HHAgpSb7Vz4PeqvqmHWN0t29ugAU5UR0RB5qXQ emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation, or passion. An apathetic individual has an absence of interest in or concern about emotional, social, spiritual, philosophical, virtual, or physical life and the world. The apathetic may lack a sense of purpose, worth, or meaning in their life. And may also exhibit insensibility or sluggishness. In positive psychology, apathy is described as a result of the individuals feeling they do not possess the level of skill required to confront a challenge (i.e. "flow"). It may also be a result of perceiving no challenge at all (e.g. the challenge is irrelevant to them, or conversely, they have learned helplessness). Apathy is something that all people face in some capacity and is a natural response to disappointment, dejection, and stress. As a response, apathy is a way to forget about these negative feelings.[citation needed] This type of common apathy is usually only felt in the short term and when it becomes a long-term or even lifelong state is when deeper social and psychological issues are most likely present. Apathy should be distinguished from reduced affect display, which refers to reduced emotional expression but not necessarily reduced emotion. Pathological apathy, characterised by extreme forms of apathy, is now known to occur in many different brain disorders, including neurodegenerative conditions often associated with dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Although many patients with pathological apathy also suffer from depression, several studies have ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2020 11:50:08 -0400 From: "Medicare-Providers" Subject: Get Medicare coverage before major changes in 2020 Get Medicare coverage before major changes in 2020 http://mediicare.best/xl1eA6oFAWobhPJUN4O5aBt8pMNuuqYwi0-nRwSpGDi_8EgC http://mediicare.best/Y10OGmPtUaNbCzrUYF4P_LZI2YYjXeDUly_umiGUFzllQWjF Toxins. Many virulence factors are proteins made by bacteria that poison host cells and cause tissue damage. For example, there are many food poisoning toxins produced by bacteria that can contaminate human foods. Some of these can remain in "spoiled" food even after cooking and cause illness when the contaminated food is consumed. Other bacterial toxins are chemically altered and inactivated by the heat of cooking. Virulent viruses Virus virulence factors allow it to replicate, modify host defenses, and spread within the host, and they are toxic to the host. They determine whether infection occurs and how severe the resulting viral disease symptoms are. Viruses often require receptor proteins on host cells to which they specifically bind. Typically, these host cell proteins are endocytosed and the bound virus then enters the host cell. Virulent viruses such as HIV, which causes AIDS, have mechanisms for evading host defenses. HIV infects T-Helper Cells, which leads to a reduction of the adaptive immune response of the host and eventually leads to an immunocompromised state. Death results from opportunistic infections secondary to disruption of the immune system caused by AIDS. Some viral virulence factors confer ability to replicate during the defensive inflammation responses of the host such as during virus-induced fever. Many viruses can exist inside a host for long periods during which little damage is done. Extremely virulent strains can eventually evolve by mutation and natural selection within the virus population inside a host. The term "neurovirulent" is used for viruses such as rabies and herpes simplex which can invade the nervous system and cause disease there. Extensively studied model organisms of virulent viruses include virus T4 and other T-even bacteriophages which infect Escherichia coli and a number of related bacteria. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2020 06:34:32 -0500 From: "SmartWatch" Subject: Monitor your health with the new Luxe Watch PRO [IMAGE] [IMAGE] Luxe Watch Pro, bluetooth Total Control Elegance and precision with Luxe Watch Pro [IMAGE] Luxe Watch Pro is the smart watch that combines an elegant design with the most advanced Bluetooth technology. This new smart watch brings new more powerful functionalities. 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The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform the tests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include transfusion medicine, cellular pathology, clinical chemistry, hematology, clinical microbiology and clinical immunology. Pathology as a medical specialty is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) fall within the territory of pathology. Diagnostic radiology is concerned with imaging of the body, e.g. by x-rays, x-ray computed tomography, ultrasonography, and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. Interventional radiologists can access areas in the body under imaging for an intervention or diagnostic sampling. Nuclear medicine is concerned with studying human organ systems by administering radiolabelled substances (radiopharmaceuticals) to the body, which can then be imaged outside the body by a gamma camera or a PET scanner. Each radiopharmaceutical consists of two parts: a tracer that is specific for the function under study (e.g., neurotransmitter pathway, metabolic pathway, blood flow, or other), and a radionuclide (usually either a gamma-emitter or a positron emitter). There is a degree of overlap between nuclear medicine and radiology, as evidenced by the emergence of combined devices such as the PET/CT scanner. Clinical neurophysiology is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potential, nerve conduction study and polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2020 12:36:58 -0400 From: "Overcome Negative Thinking" Subject: Build A Positive Mindset With This (Quick And Easy) Build A Positive Mindset With This (Quick And Easy) http://newbattery.buzz/Ps6CvyolBQSIUoPRqET8vMDqImWMsAk2dQoxU02WtpHYDMo http://newbattery.buzz/7ap1_CC0CIEBZZY9P8dsA8XpDDjc_GmnjNqKmfSqLl5I9OfT The virulence factors of bacteria are typically proteins or other molecules that are synthesized by enzymes. These proteins are coded for by genes in chromosomal DNA, bacteriophage DNA or plasmids. Certain bacteria employ mobile genetic elements and horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed. Bacteria use quorum sensing to synchronise release of the molecules. These are all proximate causes of morbidity in the host. Methods by which bacteria cause disease Adhesion. Many bacteria must first bind to host cell surfaces. Many bacterial and host molecules that are involved in the adhesion of bacteria to host cells have been identified. Often, the host cell receptors for bacteria are essential proteins for other functions. Due to presence of mucous lining and of anti-microbial substances around some host cells, it is difficult for certain pathogens to establish direct contact-adhesion. Colonization. Some virulent bacteria produce special proteins that allow them to colonize parts of the host body. Helicobacter pylori is able to survive in the acidic environment of the human stomach by producing the enzyme urease. Colonization of the stomach lining by this bacterium can lead to gastric ulcers and cancer. The virulence of various strains of Helicobacter pylori tends to correlate with the level of production of urease. Invasion Invasion. Some virulent bacteria produce proteins that either disrupt host cell membranes or stimulate their own endocytosis or macro-pinocytosis into host cells. These virulence factors allow the bacteria to enter host cells and facilitate entry into the body across epithelial tissue layers at the body surface. Immune response inhibitors. Many bacteria produce virulence factors that inhibit the host's immune system defenses. For example, a common bacterial strategy is to produce proteins that bind host antibodies. The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits phagocytosis of the bacterium by host immune cells. Toxins. Many virulence factors are proteins made by bacteria that poison host cells and cause tissue damage. For example, there ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 06:59:17 -0400 From: "Solar Investment" Subject: Compare Solar Power Quotes Today Compare Solar Power Quotes Today http://earnyrphotos.buzz/c0iFdjL4BzHJUTYw9apVNDSLYn6rDWAsySip7eqp7XnGdkRO http://earnyrphotos.buzz/rwBQpsC9jURqLJ7-JHXcon-75HIQvx8DCW_AzHDl1cn-EAp0 Especially in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term meadow is commonly used in its original sense to mean a hay meadow, signifying grassland mown annually in the summer for making hay. Agricultural meadows are typically lowland or upland fields upon which hay or pasture grasses grow from self-sown or hand-sown seed. Traditional hay meadows were once common in rural Britain, but are now in decline. Ecologist Professor John Rodwell states that over the past century, England and Wales have lost about 97% of their hay meadows. Fewer than 15,000 hectares of lowland meadows remain in the UK and most sites are relatively small and fragmented. 25% of the UK's meadows are found in Worcestershire, with Foster's Green Meadow managed by the Worcestershire Wildlife Trust being a major site. A similar concept to the hay meadow is the pasture, which differs from the meadow in that it is grazed through the summer, rather than being allowed to grow out and periodically be cut for hay. A pasture can also refer to any land used for grazing, and in this wider sense the term refers not only to grass pasture but also to non-grassland habitats such as heathland, moorland and wood pasture. The term, grassland, is used to describe both hay meadows and grass pastures. The specific agricultural practices in relation to the meadow can take on various expressions. As mentioned, this could be hay production or providing food for grazing cattle and livestock but also to give room for orchards or honey production. Meadows are embedded and dependent on a complex web of socio-cultural conditions for their maintenance. Historically, they emerged to increase agricultural efficiency when the necessary tools became available. Today, agricultural practices have shifted and meadows have largely lost ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #5171 **********************************************