From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4985 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, September 22 2020 Volume 14 : Number 4985 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Enjoy Your Safe Date with Ukrainian Beauties ["See Love Live" Subject: Enjoy Your Safe Date with Ukrainian Beauties Enjoy Your Safe Date with Ukrainian Beauties http://obsessionmethod.co/tD3zxpqH_Dy90ShuLgLqthWXE_mIhe7M8E8eBlLp4LNLp2Qy http://obsessionmethod.co/mSRahTKGIJNFZi13HUCO0-ba0IQTh2SqUeYfwyxG0WGHBszk the likelihood of democratization. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritarian, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that development causes democratization (turning an authoritarian state into a democracy). Eva Bellin argues that under certain circumstances the bourgeoise and labor are more likely to favor democratization, but less so under other circumstances. Economic development can boost public support for authoritarian regimes in the short-to-medium term. Institutions Within authoritarian systems, there may be nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections, but they are managed in a way so as to entrench authoritarian regimes. Within democracies, parties serve to coordinate the pursuit of interests for like-minded citizens, whereas in authoritarian systems, they are a way for authoritarian leaders to find capable elites for the regime. In a democracy, a legislature is intended to represent the diversity of interests among citizens, whereas authoritarians use legislatures to signal their own restraint towards other elites as well as to monitor other elites who pose a challenge to the regime. Fraudulent elections may serve the role of signaling the strength of the regime (to deter elites from challenging the regime), as well as force other elites to demonstrate their loyalty to the regime, whereas in democracies, free and fair elections are used to select representatives who represent the will of the citizens. Elections may also motivate authoritarian party members to strengthen patronbclient and information-gathering networks, which strengthens the authoritarian regime. Elections may also motivate members of the ruling class to engage in public goods provision. According to one study, "most dictatorships led by parties have regular popular elections". Prior to the 1990s, most of these elections had no alternative parties or candidates for voters to vote on. Since the end of the Cold War, about two-thirds of elections in authoritarian systems allow for some opposition, but the elections are structured in a way to heavily favor the incumbent authoritarian regime. Hindrances to free and fair elections in authoritarian systems may include: Control of the media by the authoritarian incumbents. Interference with opposition campaigning. Electoral fraud. Violence against opposition. Large-scale spending by the state in favor of the incumbents. Permitting of some parties, but not others. Prohibitions on opposition parties, but not independent candidates. Allowing competition between candidates within the incumbent party, but not those who are not in the incumbent party. ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4985 **********************************************