From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4666 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, July 31 2020 Volume 14 : Number 4666 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Mad Doctor Restores Hearing In Thousands ["Restore Your Hearing" Subject: Mad Doctor Restores Hearing In Thousands Mad Doctor Restores Hearing In Thousands http://gpsfabric.bid/vlmzZDuz0CDav8lGuKrhxfw6K7uG213kca7WCTSstVC3rH4 http://gpsfabric.bid/NHwAP_1_5xk8B19N7dhhC_YxqnvbtUdUpqXIOLs1Y0zj_9s Parasitic plants such as broomrape, mistletoe and dodder are included in the study of phytopathology. Dodder, for example, can be a conduit for the transmission of viruses or virus-like agents from a host plant to a plant that is not typically a host, or for an agent that is not graft-transmissible. Common pathogenic infection methods Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside. Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant. Effector proteins: These can be secreted into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the Type three secretion system. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include: reducing the plants internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production. Bacteria, fungus and oomycetes are known for this function. Spores: Spores of phytopathogenic fungi can be a source of infection on host plants. Spores first adhere to the cuticular layer on leaves and stems of host plant. In order for this to happen the infectious spore must be transported from the pathogen source, this occurs via wind, water, and vectors such as insects and humans. When favourable conditions are present, the spore will produce a modified hyphae called a germ tube. This germ tube later forms a bulge called an appressorium, which forms melanized cell walls to build up tugour pressure. Once enough turgor pressure is accumulated the appressorium asserts pressure against the cuticular layer in the form of a hardened penetration peg. This process is also aided by the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes from the appressorium. Once the penetration peg enters the host tissue it develops a specialized hyphae called a haustorium. Based on the pathogens life cycle, this haustorium can invade and feed neighbouring cells intracellularly or exist intercellulary within a hos ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4666 **********************************************