From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4356 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, June 16 2020 Volume 14 : Number 4356 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Congratulations , You've been nominated ["Joan Riley" <*JoanRiley*@lifepr] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 16 Jun 2020 05:13:36 -0400 From: "Joan Riley" <*JoanRiley*@lifeprotect.us> Subject: Congratulations , You've been nominated Congratulations , You've been nominated http://lifeprotect.us/JqfHs_g_8j_oqwGvbm0wR0ZHKLpOqmC8DFOcdSwbGv5RDz3p http://lifeprotect.us/q9vDtlN5nzTMIzkt2BQZRRAAWgJYXHWmZAu1bCxdu9hISBqi At a temperature below the boiling point, any matter in liquid form will evaporate until the condensation of gas above reach an equilibrium. At this point the gas will condense at the same rate as the liquid evaporates. Thus, a liquid cannot exist permanently if the evaporated liquid is continually removed. A liquid at its boiling point will evaporate more quickly than the gas can condense at the current pressure. A liquid at or above its boiling point will normally boil, though superheating can prevent this in certain circumstances. At a temperature below the freezing point, a liquid will tend to crystallize, changing to its solid form. Unlike the transition to gas, there is no equilibrium at this transition under constant pressure, so unless supercooling occurs, the liquid will eventually completely crystallize. Note that this is only true under constant pressure, so e.g. water and ice in a closed, strong container might reach an equilibrium where both phases coexist. For the opposite transition from solid to liquid, see melting. Liquids in space The phase diagram explains why liquids do not exist in space or any other vacuum. Since the pressure is zero (except on surfaces or interiors of planets and moons) water and other liquids exposed to space will either immediately boil or freeze depending on the temperature. In regions of space near the earth, water will freeze if the sun is not shining directly on it and vapourize (sublime) as soon as it is in sunlight. If water exists as ice on the moon, it can only exist in shadowed holes where the sun never shines and where the surrounding rock doesn't heat it up too much. At some point near the orbit of Saturn, the light from the sun is too faint to sublime ice to water vapour. This is evident from the longevity of the ice that composes Saturn's rings. Solutions Main article: solution Liquids can form solutions with gases, solids, and other liquids. Two liquids are said to be miscible if they can form a solution in any proportion; otherwise they are immiscible. As an example, water and ethanol (drinking alcohol) are miscible whereas water and gasoline are immiscible. In some cases a mixture of otherwise immiscible liquids can be stabilized to form an emulsion, where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other as microscopic droplets. Usually this requires the presence of a surfactant in order to stabilize the droplets. A familiar example of an emulsion is mayonnaise, which consists of a mixture of water and oil that is stabilized by lecithin, a substance found in egg yolks. Microscopic description The molecules which compose liquids are disordered and strongly interacting, which makes liquids difficult to describe rigorously at the molecular level. This stands in contrast with the other two common phases of matter, gases and solids. Although gases are disordered, they are sufficiently dilute that many-body interactions can be ignored, and molecular interactions can instead be modeled in terms of well-defined binary collision events. Conversely, although solids are dense and strongly interacting, their regular structure at the molecular level (e.g. a crystalline lattice) allows for significant theoretical ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #4356 **********************************************