From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3839 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Thursday, March 26 2020 Volume 14 : Number 3839 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Why Civil War Is Possible and Terrifying... ["Bullet Proof Home" Subject: Why Civil War Is Possible and Terrifying... http://bulleted.uno/R_TzDEJoylx39PNlTFkOviMoSfcA5NZcCPUPt0IskLCbE2g http://bulleted.uno/sVUdps93pty2crt-cEX8hvbU9VodCQSd8yCS3l5wENaM3YOG In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701b1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. The BIPM's 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) later defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1,013,250 dynes per square centimeter (101.325 kPa). In 1743, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the AcadC)mie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon , working independently of Celsius, developed a scale where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water. On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer, the "Thermometer of Lyon" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati that used this scale. In 1744, coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707b1778) reversed Celsius's scale. His custom-made "linnaeus-thermometer", for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel EkstrC6m, Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time, whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding; Daniel EkstrC6m[] ], the instrument maker; and MC%rten StrC6mer (1707b1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius. The first known Swedish document reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel NauclC)r. In it, Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the University of Uppsala Botanical Garden: ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3839 **********************************************