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Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3824
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alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, March 24 2020 Volume 14 : Number 3824



                               Today's Subjects:
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  No-Contact Multi-Fnctional Digital Thermometer  ["Terry" <InfraredThermome]

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Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2020 10:03:52 -0400
From: "Terry" <InfraredThermometer@stopalcohol.pro>
Subject: No-Contact Multi-Fnctional Digital Thermometer

No-Contact Multi-Fnctional Digital Thermometer

http://stopalcohol.pro/9bsIm8F14WwG-q8653zpfr9kuNYqfrskilUzcnPw_JqImDn9

http://stopalcohol.pro/6K4gt1S1_RjghDQ3QyXXb1nM0a5LCTV9c7_KL0G5Vy1DnRmh

Charles's victory at the Battle of Pavia (1525) surprised many Italians and Germans and elicited concerns that Charles would endeavor to gain even greater power. Pope Clement VII switched sides and now joined forces with France and prominent Italian states against the Habsburg Emperor, in the War of the League of Cognac. In 1527, due to Charles' inability to pay them sufficiently, his armies in Northern Italy mutinied and sacked Rome itself for loot, forcing Clement, and succeeding popes, to be considerably more prudent in their dealings with secular authorities: in 1533, Clement's refusal to annul Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Charles' aunt) was a direct consequence of his unwillingness to offend the emperor and perhaps have his capital sacked a second time. The Peace of Barcelona, signed between Charles and the pope in 1529, established a more cordial relationship between the two leaders that effectively named Spain as the protector of the Catholic cause and recognized Charles as king of Lombardy in return for Spanish intervention in overthrowing the rebellious Florentine Republic.

Titian's Equestrian Portrait of Charles V (1548) celebrates the Emperor's victory over the Protestants at the Battle of MC<hlberg (1547)
In 1543, Francis I, king of France, announced his unprecedented alliance with the Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, by occupying the Spanish-controlled city of Nice in cooperation with Turkish forces. Henry VIII of England, who bore a greater grudge against France than he held against the Emperor for standing in the way of his divorce, joined Charles in his invasion of France. Although the Spanish army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Ceresole, in Savoy Henry fared better, and France was forced to accept terms. The Austrians, led by Charles's younger brother Ferdinand, continued to fight the Ottomans in the east. With France defeated, Charles went to take care of an older problem: the Schmalkaldic League.
The Protestant Reformation had begun in Germany in 1517. Charles, through his position as Holy Roman Emperor, his important holdings along Germany's frontiers, and his close relationship with his Habsburg relatives in Austria, had a vested interest in maintaining the stability of the Holy Roman Empire. The German Peasants' War broke out in Germany in 1524 and ravaged the country until it was brutally put down in 1526; Charles, even as far away from Germany as he was, was committed to keeping order. After the Peasants' War the Protestants organized themselves into a defensive league to protect themselves from Emperor Charles. Under the protection of the Schmalkaldic League, the Protestant states committed a number of outrages in the eyes of the Catholic Churchb the confiscation of some ecclesiastical territories, among other thingsb and defied the authority of the Emperor.

Europa regina, associated with a Habsburg-dominated Europe under Charles V
Perhaps more important to the strategy of the Spanish king, the League had allied itself with the French, and efforts in Germany to undermine the League had been rebuffed. Francis's defeat in 1544 led to the annulment of the alliance with the Protestants, and Charles took advantage o

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End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3824
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