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alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, March 20 2020 Volume 14 : Number 3782



                               Today's Subjects:
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  Pinecone Research Surveys  ["Pinecone Research" <**PineconeResearch**@kill]

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Date: Fri, 20 Mar 2020 03:42:33 -0400
From: "Pinecone Research" <**PineconeResearch**@killbuildd.buzz>
Subject: Pinecone Research Surveys

Pinecone Research Surveys

http://killbuildd.buzz/8_Z2oj8FmEidFty_KJgKqdTRI9N4jMMxUgN_fZPU6zzLUnPW

http://killbuildd.buzz/oUBZWJL4Lec0x6zwhPOnbfEFg7bJVMiBLjwN9Zzak7eBYE5y

Both towns and courts sponsored bands of shawms and trombone. The most famous and influential served the Duke of Burgundy. The trombone's principal role was the contratenor part in a dance band. The sackbut was used extensively across Europe, from its appearance in the 15th century to a decline in most places by the mid-late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert, and in liturgical settings. With trumpeters, trombonists in German city-states were employed as civil officials. As officials, these trombonists were often relegated to standing watch in the city towers but would also herald the arrival of important people to the city. This is similar to the role of a military bugler and was used as a sign of wealth and strength in 16th century German cities.

However, these trombonists were often viewed separately from the more skilled trombonists who played in groups such as the alta capella wind ensembles and the first orchestral ensembles. These performed in religious settings, such as St Mark's Basilica in Venice in the early 17th century.

Composers who wrote for trombone during this period include Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich SchC<tz, Giovanni Gabrieli and his uncle Andrea Gabrieli. The trombone doubled voice parts in sacred works, but there are also solo pieces written for trombone in the early 17th century.

When the sackbut returned to common use in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that the instrument became known as the "trombone", although in some countries the same name has been applied throughout its history, viz. Italian trombone and German Posaune. The 17th-century trombone was built in slightly smaller dimensions than modern trombones and had a bell that was more conical and less flared.

During the later Baroque period, Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel used trombones on a few occasions. Bach used it in some of his cantatas, having written for four trombones (with the rare soprano trombone playing the cantus firmus, which would normally be played on cornett).[citation needed] Handel used it in the Death March from Saul, Samson, and Israel in Egypt. All were examples of an oratorio style popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional "Stadtpfeiffer" or alta cappella musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions.[citation needed] Therefore, trombone parts were rather seldom given "solo" roles that were not interchangeable with other instruments

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End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3782
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