From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #17044 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, December 9 2025 Volume 14 : Number 17044 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Help us improve your shopping experience ["Holiday Decor Team" Subject: Help us improve your shopping experience Help us improve your shopping experience http://selfsufficient.za.com/l2RSmOJFIiL9ZXtRxGLooHYLtXtABE_FBIJPTo9kkNnIBIlS3A http://selfsufficient.za.com/XDnaNlNCFsEarJKnDJPejdMYjPnS8I2T4xZPYkd6TFM2bkn9Tw e American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory bird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific coast. According to the Partners in Flight database (2019), the American robin is the most abundant landbird in North America (with 370 million individuals), ahead of red-winged blackbirds, introduced European starlings, mourning doves and house finches. It has seven subspecies. The species is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay its eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. The robin's nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the earliest birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated. The adult's main predator is the domestic cat; other predators include hawks and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) lay their eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but the robins usually reject the e ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 08:27:15 -0600 From: "Rescue Supply" Subject: Why You Need a Medical Go-Bag Now Why You Need a Medical Go-Bag Now http://gomedkit.digital/m3B2Pe6IIR28oNFf4SoptVv6GAY8fTINOoo2fYePayO-fWoWxQ http://gomedkit.digital/J8U-we2uZyYRg7rdN--m1NnI6Ph-UVd1x4zc2VKD8fSIdp0t-w he American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory bird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific coast. According to the Partners in Flight database (2019), the American robin is the most abundant landbird in North America (with 370 million individuals), ahead of red-winged blackbirds, introduced European starlings, mourning doves and house finches. It has seven subspecies. The species is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay its eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. The robin's nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the earliest birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated. The adult's main predator is the domestic cat; other predators include hawks and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) lay their eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but the robins usually reject the e ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 14:03:40 +0100 From: "Toner Depot" Subject: Save Upto 85% on Ink and Toner today-Free Shipping Available Save Upto 85% on Ink and Toner today-Free Shipping Available http://1mode.sbs/fiNMH4C0U_np9gXYSrvx6-SuYZuf4PBbETtF8YxSPrlr_yFe3A http://1mode.sbs/7puN7xBN71Rru1bZAKGjsX7zAhd-t30Kt9BLhWvJOMrHSZvGuA rock model of waterfall formation states that the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed, especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfall. A process known as "potholing" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent whirlpools spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year. Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool in the gorge downstream. Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the ki ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 08:02:12 +0100 From: "Home Depot Perks" Subject: A special gift for you A special gift for you http://survivalstaff.click/DwChMNhwp16ANyZtcC9sUfdwYcvQHrVwW9xxK3YzMcMhsGcxLQ http://survivalstaff.click/dm0M2T3k5UCUv7rL0KN-XFeWgM23R-NrKU6ou74Dh1LekZSFzA aterfall is any point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf. Waterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant bedrock before falling onto softer rock, which erodes faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them. Humans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls since prehistory, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century, they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of hydropower, and-particularly since the mid-20th century-as subjects of research. Definition and terminology A waterfall is generally defined as a point in a river where water flows over a steep drop that is close to or directly vertical. In 2000 Mabin specified that "The horizontal distance between the positions of the lip and plunge pool should be no more than 25% of the waterfall height." There are various types and methods to classify waterfalls. Some scholars have included rapids as a subsection. What actually constitutes a waterfall continues to be debated. Waterfalls are sometimes interchangeably referred to as "cascades" and "cataracts", though some sources specify a cataract as being a larger and more powerful waterfall and a cascade as being smaller. A plunge pool is a type of stream pool formed at the bottom of a waterfall. A waterfall may also be referre ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 05:29:58 -0600 From: "Nadia Rosario" Subject: Introducing HeatWell Heater! The Small Yet Powerful Heater That Heats Up Any Space in 10 Minutes Introducing HeatWell Heater! The Small Yet Powerful Heater That Heats Up Any Space in 10 Minutes http://heatloft.lat/0TydpwoLE0n1DtVrlNPsRuLokUJSpSuj-Yj23naoW25kaUk9JQ http://heatloft.lat/RbBMehamGeSq_n4tjd-Qc5RkqLCIGKWRxMs1FHgtYjQl8MnVbQ mmal (from Latin mamma 'breast') is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (/m??me?li.?/). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders. The study of mammals is called mammalogy. The largest orders of mammals, by number of species, are the rodents, bats, and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews). The next three are the primates (including humans, monkeys and lemurs), the even-toed ungulates (including pigs, bovids and whales), and the Carnivora (including cats, dogs, and seals). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "pelycosaurs." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian. Mammals originated from cynodonts, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the pre ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 17:16:14 +0100 From: "HealthCare.com ACA" Subject: Shop 2026 ACA(Obamacare) Plans Shop 2026 ACA(Obamacare) Plans http://healthaxis.bar/7J8--81ekw-niZUrq49Dtt7cV4zN1gcg99R_ciuLQxCoXRYYWg http://healthaxis.bar/pwY00iu1XIpgM08KHU5WWoUj6nrtDxmXAN2rZJ5XGhGgxvSr7w ather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different temperature, humidity, and densities, and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. Such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east; warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone path. Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center. Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core. Cyclones can transition between extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases. Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation. Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear. In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans, a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane (from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind, Huracan), in the Indian and south Pacific oceans it is called a cyclone, and in the northwestern Pacific it is called a typhoon. The growth of instability in the vortices is not universal. For example, the size, intensity, moist-convection, surface evaporation, the value of potential temperature at each potential height can affect the nonlinear evolution of a ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 09:53:40 -0600 From: "Wellness Report" Subject: What Calabria men know about heart heath... What Calabria men know about heart heath... http://bergolo.bar/CY1keC1e-hToQJQsN8ZmAV24GOEsQr5tFY_L2eHMPih2gurG3w http://bergolo.bar/UiiZtjTfzP2BZunOAeBw0bVRaLtEkvoEftVskKzooqRtq1sZbg he American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory bird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific coast. According to the Partners in Flight database (2019), the American robin is the most abundant landbird in North America (with 370 million individuals), ahead of red-winged blackbirds, introduced European starlings, mourning doves and house finches. It has seven subspecies. The species is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay its eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. The robin's nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the earliest birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated. The adult's main predator is the domestic cat; other predators include hawks and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) lay their eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but the robins usually reject the e ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 13:52:08 -0600 From: "Sam's Club" Subject: Just $25 for a Sam's Club Membership Just $25 for a Sam's Club Membership http://clearnightdrive.space/WNJHjSTkGkr5jVR4jqooom5vi1GYzPUm_sbQ_Eb9bnU362jZMQ http://clearnightdrive.space/-YOBdi03s8R00GN5xt3EDGFdzBDT-m6n5BW6SdgBr3Jd8tw6NA sea is a large body of salt water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the interconnected body of seawaters that spans most of Earth. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. The salinity of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean; however, the relative proportions of dissolved salts vary little across the oceans. The most abundant solid dissolved in seawater is sodium chloride. The water also contains salts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and mercury, among other elements, some in minute concentrations. A wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, protists, algae, plants, fungi, and animals live in various marine habitats and ecosystems throughout the seas. These range vertically from the sunlit surface and shoreline to the great depths and pressures of the cold, dark abyssal zone, and in latitude from the cold waters under polar ice caps to the warm waters of coral reefs in tropical regions. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and life may have started there. The ocean moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. The surface of the water interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging properties such as particles and temperature, as well as currents. Surface currents are the water currents that are produced by the atmosphere's currents and its winds blowing over the surface of the water, producing wind waves, setting up through drag slow but stable circulations of water, as in the case of the ocean sustaining deep- ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 06:57:59 -0600 From: "MemberSurveyPanel" Subject: Complete registration form asap to receive your package Complete registration form asap to receive your package http://kitdrive.sbs/k6PCl-hvDslDTtcd6CU-o4wmigb2732uMTlJTSRU2uCHc3a_Bw http://kitdrive.sbs/YjInpm3L-aKg_DWHxM97QfzvgJQ2khTVOUS9rYXTJuBQi53OUQ mals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "pelycosaurs." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian. Mammals originated from cynodonts, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the present. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal, with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial locomotion; but in some, the limbs are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees or underground. The bipeds have adapted to move using only the two lower limbs, while the rear limbs of cetaceans and the sea cows are mere internal vestiges. Mammals range in size from the 30b40 millimetres (1.2b1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 30 metres (98 ft) blue whalebpossibly the largest animal to have ever lived. Maximum lifespan varies from two years for the shrew to 211 years for the bowhead whale. All modern mammals give birth to live young, except the five species of monotremes, which lay eggs. The most species-rich group is the viviparous placental mammals, so named for the temporary organ (placenta) used by offspring to draw nutrition from the mother during gestation. Most mammals are intelligent, with some possessing large brains, self-awareness, and tool use. Mammals can communicate and vocalise in several ways, including the production of ultrasound, scent marking, alarm signals, singing, echolocation; and, in the case of humans, complex language. Mammals can organise themselves into fissionbfusion societies, harems, and hierarchiesbbut can also be solitary and territorial. Most mammals are polygynous, but some can be monogamous or polyandrous. Domestication of many types of mammals by humans played a major role in the Neolithic Revolution, and resulted in farming replacing hunting and gathering as the primary source of food for humans. This led to a major restructuring of human societies from nomadic to sedentary, with more co-operation among larger and larger groups, and ultimately the development of the first civilisations. Domesticated mammals provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as food (meat and dairy products), fur, and leather. Mammals are also hunted and raced for sport, kept as pets and working animals of va ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 15:40:51 +0100 From: "Pain Relief" Subject: The "secret muscle" causing your back pain The "secret muscle" causing your back pain http://coreball.cfd/qh6ho-6K2UZU22iZAsBUYo6EWHrQLijcg5dQ9g6szOftblgwUg http://coreball.cfd/ASZiZTikhopsl4ViGVctfjOVIfQ24bxAQqciU0CznSr7oE7fEw mmal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders. The study of mammals is called mammalogy. The largest orders of mammals, by number of species, are the rodents, bats, and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews). The next three are the primates (including humans, monkeys and lemurs), the even-toed ungulates (including pigs, bovids and whales), and the Carnivora (including cats, dogs, and seals). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "pelycosaurs." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian. Mammals originated from cynodonts, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the pre ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 10:13:50 +0100 From: "HydroX5 Support" Subject: Pressure washing is dead. This isn't. Pressure washing is dead. This isn't. http://smartcartsavings.space/XHZCB6sIp9I7e6xdT6q7d4BUdl4x4Pils4wz1TLHd-A0iY-bsA http://smartcartsavings.space/tPhPrajcfkmKpaBxcr3Va1OqnpoTcjGgigKp5yhyJS6hIQjlGw rock model of waterfall formation states that the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed, especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfall. A process known as "potholing" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent whirlpools spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year. Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool in the gorge downstream. Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the ki ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 12:05:22 -0600 From: "Delta Airlines Shopper Gift Opportunity" Subject: Delta Airlines reward - Open immediately! Delta Airlines reward - Open immediately! http://trevia.za.com/oc9p41id2dpVV5J3lt5xz-w2Zg7ad2Z1f_gdpkjGTGAGfupeMw http://trevia.za.com/jk6j9V8fu_Y2wD2x0Cp2Vedwv0rsI85ylj53iGVlXiTYtVyUUuQ sted by their name, most species of this family often lift their tail and curl it. This is done both when a potential predator is present and when not present, although in some curly-tailed lizard species it increases when a predator is present. It shows the fitness of the lizard to a would-be predator andbin the case of an attackbdraws attention to the tail, which increases the lizard's chance of escaping. Although it has been suggested that it also functions as a territorial display, studies have been unable to find support for this, as the tail curling does not vary when another member of the same species is present. Conservation status and extinctions The conservation status of the species in this family varies greatly. Several species, for example Leiocephalus carinatus, are common and widespread. Others are rare and highly threatened, especially those restricted to a single small island or a single location on a larger island, like the critically endangered Leiocephalus (barahonensis) altavelensis from Alto Velo Island and critically endangered Leiocephalus onaneyi from GuantC!namo Province in Cuba. Primary threats to their survival are habitat loss (for example, expanding agriculture, charcoal production and grazing goats) and introduced predators (for example, small Indian mongoose). Several species of Leiocephalus are already extinct, including all of the Jamaican, Puerto Rican and Lesser Antillean members of the genus. Some of these are only known from fossil or subfossil remains and became extinct in the Pleistocene or pre-Columbian era, but others such as two Lesser Antillean species and one from Navassa survived until comparatively recently, during the 19th century. Leiocephalus is the only known squamate genus to be entirely wiped out from the Lesser Antilles following European colonization; other reptilian genera that have also seen significant extirpations in the Lesser Antilles, such as Boa or Diploglossus, still retain relict populations on at least some islands, such as Dominica and Montserrat. This mass disappearance of Leiocephalus from the Lesser Antilles may be due to their inhabiting dry forests in littoral areas that were heavily exploited and deforested by early colonists. Few confirmed Leiocephalus fossil remains from after the early Holocene are known from the Lesser Antilles, which has raised doubts about their being only recently extirpated from this area; however, Leiocephalus fossil bones are small and closely resemble those of other lizard species, which may explain the lack of detection of Leiocephalus fossil bones from these areas aside from by the most highly tra ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2025 01:29:05 +1000 From: Rolex Subject: [Black Friday 2025] Luxury Watches Starting at $250 Premium Luxury Watches � Shop Exclusive Styles Premium Luxury Watches Starting at $250 - --------------------------------------- Explore our collection of finely crafted luxury watches designed for elegance, precision, and timeless appeal. Whether you prefer bold, modern styles or classic minimalist designs, our selection has something for every taste. Prices start at just $250, offering unbeatable value for premium craftsmanship and luxury aesthetics. Limited availability�secure your favorite design while stocks last. Browse the Collection You are receiving this message because you subscribed to our updates. If you prefer not to receive future promotions, you may unsubscribe here. ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 18:56:56 +0100 From: "IRS-Experts" Subject: Save on what you owe to the IRS Save on what you owe to the IRS http://taxlift.digital/slF7MhmqfAPKBfMsfhrqUpRFqsxLxLWOJJYbKjGPVJNcvoVg5Q http://taxlift.digital/A_1ngykASfaw-IkoHDFqMzEz6mYtVB49wSmFHK0_nQG338l0UQ mmal (from Latin mamma 'breast') is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (/m??me?li.?/). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders. The study of mammals is called mammalogy. The largest orders of mammals, by number of species, are the rodents, bats, and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews). The next three are the primates (including humans, monkeys and lemurs), the even-toed ungulates (including pigs, bovids and whales), and the Carnivora (including cats, dogs, and seals). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger Amniota clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "pelycosaurs." The more advanced therapsids became dominant during the Guadalupian. Mammals originated from cynodonts, an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, and have been the dominant terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the pre ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #17044 ***********************************************