From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16709 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, September 19 2025 Volume 14 : Number 16709 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Congratulations! You can get a $100 Delta Airlines gift card! ["Delta Air] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 14:33:59 -0500 From: "Delta Airlines Opinion Requested" Subject: Congratulations! You can get a $100 Delta Airlines gift card! Congratulations! You can get a $100 Delta Airlines gift card! http://shopilo.ru.com/Duu_13qKKUI8t5KUTUwxOPZn1k7a7y1cfbHjc7O7I1_Dg1OvNw http://shopilo.ru.com/oHE7mmgzJfBjrwAeinXk23d0x6OIp8Z_0K_TRG9jj_3KJ5klZw those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately Avialae) Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group", in this sense synonymous with Neornithes) Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers. Maniraptoromorpha b Coelurus b Ornitholestes Maniraptoriformes b Ornithomimosauria Maniraptora b Alvarezsauridae Pennaraptora b Oviraptorosauria ?Paraves Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018. Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus", with Troodon being sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than to Deinonychus. Avialae is also occasionally defined as an apomorphy-based clade (that is, one based on physical characteristics). Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them. Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to Avifiloplu ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16709 ***********************************************