From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16408 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, July 22 2025 Volume 14 : Number 16408 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Hurry up ! You are the recipient of Blackstone Original 4-Burner ["Costco] Claim This Coin To Support Trump's 2024 Campaign ["FREE Gold Coin" Subject: Hurry up ! You are the recipient of Blackstone Original 4-Burner Hurry up ! You are the recipient of Blackstone Original 4-Burner http://sugardefender.bar/PL9KCPoHZ0xXLVRKAWLi19BIoAPky_TGGzDd7qCE3ywVxO1G http://sugardefender.bar/ezNDxjEylczkQx8gAeIIN9r7DucXcLvUsOqtunkraSojSREQ malian species, with 11,733 recognized species of reptiles compared to 5,884 extant mammals. Along with the species diversity, reptiles have diverged in terms of external morphology, from limbless to tetrapod gliders to armored chelonians, reflecting adaptive radiation to a diverse array of environments. Morphological differences are reflected in the nervous system phenotype, such as: absence of lateral motor column neurons in snakes, which innervate limb muscles controlling limb movements; absence of motor neurons that innervate trunk muscles in tortoises; presence of innervation from the trigeminal nerve to pit organs responsible to infrared detection in snakes. Variation in size, weight, and shape of the brain can be found within reptiles. For instance, crocodilians have the largest brain volume to body weight proportion, followed by turtles, lizards, and snakes. Reptiles vary in the investment in different brain sections. Crocodilians have the largest telencephalon, while snakes have the smallest. Turtles have the largest diencephalon per body weight whereas crocodilians have the smallest. On the other hand, lizards have the largest mesencephalon. Yet their brains share several characteristics revealed by recent anatomical, molecular, and ontogenetic studies. Vertebrates share the highest levels of similarities during embryological development, controlled by conserved transcription factors and signaling centers, including gene expression, morphological and cell typ ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2025 10:53:19 +0200 From: "FREE Gold Coin" Subject: Claim This Coin To Support Trump's 2024 Campaign Claim This Coin To Support Trump's 2024 Campaign http://yuslep.store/eIxGWgzPNKHzSL3jl-LcYIDnuij5AjaOTMJdi5k4URzm4ZhoKA http://yuslep.store/z1842bmlsqo5mEr_NcPGWjJcHLY6O59Geeiu_MmkTQRl4xN-Lg dy. The prefrontal cortex, which controls executive functions, is particularly well developed in humans. Physiologically, brains exert centralized control over a body's other organs. They act on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from a digital computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways. This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important that are covered in the human brain article are brain disease and the effects of brain dama ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2025 12:57:19 +0200 From: "Total Visa Card Offer" Subject: Apply Today. Easy Online Application & Quick Response! Apply Today. Easy Online Application & Quick Response! http://freedepo.shop/Pv9pK0d6jCa9UtB5YsMoe5R2FGPYOOzLv8uj77hpsiRV8mc4UQ http://freedepo.shop/KitQlAdqluZGi5WxR2WUNxivOtpzEV-KwyzUm3Y09DfGoWbFeA st of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter, in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies. Evolution Main article: Evolution of the brain Generic bilaterian nervous system A rod-shaped body contains a digestive system running from the mouth at one end to the anus at the other. Alongside the digestive system is a nerve cord with a brain at the end, near to the mouth. Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a "brain" at the front Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a diffuse nervous system consisting of a nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body plan (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared late in the Cryogenian period, 700b650 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, such as vertebrates, it is a large and very complex organ. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain". There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms and tunicates. It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previ ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2025 03:45:57 -0500 From: "Diseases" Subject: One tablet to keep you and your family more protected One tablet to keep you and your family more protected http://breathburn.za.com/3qMuQLckrukNkaS65Z2QsYOdfHsQSk8fIbtouo34FW2SxZcn http://breathburn.za.com/P7QKuzfNeDA4HM5CgAh1BD7IWea20zxlK20eDv7uweSyxA he shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates. The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another. Cellular structure drawing showing a neuron with a fiber emanating from it labeled "axon" and making contact with another cell. An inset shows an enlargement of the contact zone. Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When an electrical impulse reaches a junction called a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity. The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of brain cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuro ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2025 14:29:55 +0200 From: "The ZenFluff Team" Subject: Get 50% Off FluffCo Now! Get 50% Off FluffCo Now! http://freedepo.shop/R3mVEoSBthszzoKq-CZT5m4BfqoMHsAvqJ2NsgGhFce8ZVD0kA http://freedepo.shop/ypgaTZkSVnRtTyMDCH9r3o-uwJ2BKaUlGkE9LJuIz51dVpz2MQ gory includes tardigrades, arthropods, molluscs, and numerous types of worms. The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures. Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain, the supraesophageal ganglion, with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates. There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work: Fruit flies (Drosophila), because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics, have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development. In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have been shown to be relevant to humans. The first biological clock genes, for example, were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles. A search in the genomes of vertebrates revealed a set of analogous genes, which were found to play similar roles in the mouse biological clockband therefore almost certainly in the human biological clock as well. Studies done on Drosophila, also show that most neuropil regions of the brain are continuously reorganized throu ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16408 ***********************************************