From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16319 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Saturday, July 5 2025 Volume 14 : Number 16319 Today's Subjects: ----------------- You have won a Dunkin Coffee Lovers Box ["Congratulations" Subject: You have won a Dunkin Coffee Lovers Box You have won a Dunkin Coffee Lovers Box http://sugardefender.bar/GcfDD8L4yCvoMr5PE7K8pAWEaSwJ8gMcN3Y6XviC_Zf2IQ http://sugardefender.bar/PDNc_onLP_7hTJ0-3Is9apou7qEI-HnLRVa-NnsPE_SlUw ain article: History of entropy See also: History of thermodynamics B' Rudolf Clausius In 1865, Clausius gave the first mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and also gave it its name. Clausius chose the word because the meaning (from Greek ?? en "in" and ????? trop? "transformation") is "content transformative" or "transformation content" ("Verwandlungsinhalt"). I prefer going to the ancient languages for the names of important scientific quantities, so that they may mean the same thing in all living tongues. I propose, accordingly, to call S the entropy of a body, after the Greek word 'transformation'. I have designedly coined the word entropy to be similar to 'energy', for these two quantities are so analogous in their physical significance, that an analogy of denomination seemed to me helpful. b?Rudolf Clausius, Ueber verschiedene fC Subject: Brain-saving solution leaked online Brain-saving solution leaked online http://homefourcarts.za.com/G9ple4BbNBBL_pZ56G4AUFNbdT-dEYNNsWG7dkfLbG0ut15lZQ http://homefourcarts.za.com/Mjx01r-p6jKRZO1Yk9Ljh0W-DioI8xi6tRGYc_MjRrJkoTf-yQ e later atomic theory[citation needed]. Until experimental proof of atoms was later provided in the 20th century, the atomic theory was driven largely by philosophical considerations and scientific intuition. 17th century Early thermometers Main article: Thermometer B' Early developments The European scientists Cornelius Drebbel, Robert Fludd, Galileo Galilei and Santorio Santorio in the 16th and 17th centuries were able to gauge the relative "coldness" or "hotness" of air, using a rudimentary air thermometer (or thermoscope). This may have been influenced by an earlier device which could expand and contract the air constructed by Philo of Byzantium and Hero of Alexandria. "Heat is motion" (Francis Bacon) Francis Bacon Main article: Kinetic theory of gases B' History The idea that heat is a form of motion is perhaps an ancient one and is certainly discussed by the English philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon in 1620 in his Novum Organum. Bacon surmised: "Heat itself, its essence and quiddity is motion and nothing else." "not ... of the whole, but of the small particles of the body." RenC) Descartes Precursor to work Main article: Work (physics) B' History RenC) Descartes In 1637, in a letter to the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, the French philosopher RenC) Descartes wrote: Lifting 100 lb one foot twice over is the same as lifting 200 lb one foot, or 100 lb two feet. In 1686, the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz wrote essentially the same thing: The same force ["work" in modern terms] is necessary to raise bod ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2025 11:42:38 +0200 From: "Walmart Confirmation" Subject: Help Us Improve with Your Feedback Help Us Improve with Your Feedback http://hosesmart.sa.com/C93fVX4ADrYwDeDHkDLjI-oTEi7oWvjZ9853oNvsqdxn4po2LQ http://hosesmart.sa.com/QsgnM-RxJiAsz0ryViSbvkzk4BuxJKS2uge4sJOvqz5wP5L7nA sius's PhD thesis concerning the refraction of light proposed that we see a blue sky during the day, and various shades of red at sunrise and sunset (among other phenomena) due to reflection and refraction of light. Later, Lord Rayleigh would show that it was in fact due to the scattering of light. His most famous paper, Ueber die bewegende Kraft der WC$rme ("On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom") was published in 1850, and dealt with the mechanical theory of heat. In this paper, he showed there was a contradiction between Carnot's principle and the concept of conservation of energy. Clausius restated the two laws of thermodynamics to overcome this contradiction. This paper made him famous among scientists. (The third law was developed by Walther Nernst, during the years 1906b1912). Clausius's most famous statement of the second law of thermodynamics was published in German in 1854, and in English in 1856. Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time. During 1857, Clausius contributed to the field of kinetic theory after refining August KrC6nig's very simple gas-kinetic model to include translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions. In this same work he introduced the concept of 'Mean free path' of a particle. Clausius deduced the ClausiusbClapeyron relation from thermodynamics. This relation, which is a way of characterizing the phase transition between two states of matt ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2025 15:51:19 +0200 From: "Your Friends at FlipFork" Subject: Make Your Holiday BBQs Legendary with 50% OFF FlipFork! Make Your Holiday BBQs Legendary with 50% OFF FlipFork! http://homefourcarts.za.com/qLBNWlGOCjAk3V1eX_cOKsW-olrYBxUcMFxLGoax_NqkV_hF5w http://homefourcarts.za.com/KbGjQR5UaJmZYWymvyYJP2evnfC3HHGUTOplmBPEJ4JN8yrh4A sicist and chemist Robert Boyle in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump. Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed the pressure-volume correlation: PV=constant. In that time, air was assumed to be a system of motionless particles, and not interpreted as a system of moving molecules. The concept of thermal motion came two centuries later. Therefore, Boyle's publication in 1660 speaks about a mechanical concept: the air spring. Later, after the invention of the thermometer, the property temperature could be quantified. This tool gave Gay-Lussac the opportunity to derive his law, which led shortly later to the ideal gas law. Gas laws in brief Robert Boyle. 1627b1691 Boyle's law (1662) Charles's law was first published by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he referenced unpublished work by Jacques Charles from around 1787. The relationship had been anticipated by the work of Guillaume Amontons in 1702. Gay-Lussac's law (1802) Steam digester Main article: Steam digester Denis Papin Denis Papin, an associate of Boyle's, built in 1679 a bone digester, which is a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confines steam until a high pressure is generated. Later designs implemented a steam release valve to keep the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and cylinder engine. He did not however follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, Thomas Newcomen greatly improved upon engineer Thomas Savery's earlier "fire engine" by incorporating a piston. This made it suitable for mechanical work in addition to pumping to heights beyond 30 feet, and is thus often considered the first true steam engine. Heat transfer (Halley and Newton) Main articles: Hadley cell B' Formul ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2025 09:50:41 +0200 From: "Prostate Fix" Subject: The 10-second "steelworker move" fixing men's prostates The 10-second "steelworker move" fixing men's prostates http://hosesmart.sa.com/6GCr2o6lw7ZnacUK3fB6gNqYa1nJr5LlolURiYnewVcILsvSfQ http://hosesmart.sa.com/tLro85aeg8auYGbOidvvy5IH3mctVOF6Gy2t9IE4x-WEn3fLAg odynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as meteorology, information theory, and biology (physiology), and to technological developments such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine, cryogenics and electricity generation. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by atomic theory. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in probability and statistics; see, for example, the timeline of thermodynamics. Antiquity The ancients viewed heat as that related to fire. In 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians viewed heat as related to origin mythologies. The ancient Indian philosophy including Vedic philosophy believed that five classical elements (or pancha mah? bh?ta) are the basis of all cosmic creations. In the Western philosophical tradition, after much debate about the primal element among earlier pre-Socratic philosophers, Empedocles proposed a four-element theory, in which all substances derive from earth, water, air, and fire. The Empedoclean element of fire is perhaps the principal ancestor of later concepts such as phlogiston and caloric. Around 500 BC, the Greek philosopher Heraclitus became famous as the "flux and fire" philosopher for his proverbial utterance: "All things are flowing." Heraclitus argued that the three principal elements in nature were fire, earth, and water. Vacuum-abhorrence Main article: Horror vacui (physics) The 5th century BC Greek philosopher Parmenides, in his only known work, a poem conventionally titled On Nature, uses verbal reasoning to postulate that a void, essentially what is now known as a vacuum, in nature could not occur. This view was supported by the arguments of Aristotle, but was criticized by Leucippus and Hero of Alexandria. From antiquity to the Middle Ages vari ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2025 21:10:35 +0200 From: "Jack" Subject: Celebrate Independence Day with a Free Trump T-Shirt Celebrate Independence Day with a Free Trump T-Shirt http://renewalsirwell.ru.com/31UdFDOmlPaRJ4JzuZEQBnIAGOKG-YJdJfQ_Thdd7B0zKpAbMw http://renewalsirwell.ru.com/qqsENFGB7yoHNe7OFvxdEWBHCBw9uretSi0R0CkEqOUl7Wxqrg idae is a family of smallish suboscine passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America known as antpittas. They are between 10 and 20 cm (4 and 8 in) long, and are related to the antbirds, Thamnophilidae, and gnateaters, Conopophagidae. The antpittas were formerly placed in the family Formicariidae. Beginning in 2002 a series of molecular genetic studies found that Formicariidae, as then defined, was non-monophyletic. In 2008, the American Ornithologists' Union reorganised the genera to create monophyletic families and moved the antpittas to their own family Grallariidae. This family now contains 68 species in one large and four fairly small genera. These are forest birds that tend to feed at or near the ground since many are specialist ant eaters. Most are drab in appearance with shades of (rusty) brown, black, and white being their dominant tones. Compared to other birds that specialize in following ants, this family is the most tied to the ground. The long, powerful legs (which lend the birds a distinctive upright posture) and an essentially vestigial tail aid this lifestyle. The antpittas are sexually monomorphic; they resemble the true pittas in that they are virtually tailless; they hop like some thrushes, and are much easier to hear than seebalthough their vocalizations may be rather atypical for perching birds. They lay 1 to 6 eggs in a nest in a tree, both sexes incubating. Taxonomy The following cladogram shows the phylogeny of the antipitta family. It is based on a large molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020. The three species in the genus Myrmothera were found to be embedded in the genus Hylopezus. The species are those recog ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #16319 ***********************************************