From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #15789 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, March 28 2025 Volume 14 : Number 15789 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Neuropathy Relief Without Dangerous Drugs? ["Wellness Daily" Subject: Neuropathy Relief Without Dangerous Drugs? Neuropathy Relief Without Dangerous Drugs? http://nuubuupatches.za.com/b-Ruw3X6WqGG9JtmBDLlRwmcjkqd33XZWUN44b2kCfaaAIRZFg http://nuubuupatches.za.com/j64Wz62rpe_JGZPuyApWmh1OtP7ih54YSshS71BrvE73UGTPJA rcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but EugC(ne FranC'ois Vidocq (1775b1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la SC;retC) ("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. The SC;retC) initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the SC;retC), but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself. Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even simulated his own death. In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson establis ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #15789 ***********************************************