From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #14781 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, September 27 2024 Volume 14 : Number 14781 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Language barrier should no longer Be your concern anymore ["Translator" <] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 27 Sep 2024 10:13:26 +0200 From: "Translator" Subject: Language barrier should no longer Be your concern anymore Language barrier should no longer Be your concern anymore http://instantranslator.ru.com/idvyN_P_r40sSb3KQ13uRw0Gt4mA7VNDBJ7oqLeRIU3zwCz17A http://instantranslator.ru.com/cVAcyfX3-whGi-WJ5fVxaZNg2RlYWbNIH0H8ZlpGCHKAeQbu8A pology looks different today from the way it did even twenty years ago. Even the name is relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term. Biological anthropologists look back to the work of Charles Darwin as a major foundation for what they do today. However, if one traces the intellectual genealogy back to physical anthropology's beginningsbbefore the discovery of much of what we now know as the hominin fossil recordbthen the focus shifts to human biological variation. Some editors, see below, have rooted the field even deeper than formal science. Attempts to study and classify human beings as living organisms date back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Plato (c. 428bc. 347 BC) placed humans on the scala naturae, which included all things, from inanimate objects at the bottom to deities at the top. This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years. Plato's student Aristotle (c. 384b322 BC) observed in his History of Animals that human beings are the only animals to walk upright and argued, in line with his teleological view of nature, that humans have buttocks and no tails in order to give them a soft place to sit when they are tired of standing. He explained regional variations in human features as the result of different climates. He also wrote about physiognomy, an idea derived from writings in the Hippocratic Corpus. Scientific physical anthropology began in the 17th to 18th centuries with the study of racial classification (Georgius Hornius, FranC'ois Bernier, Carl Linnaeus, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach). The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752b1840) of GC6ttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls (Decas craniorum, published during 1790b1828), from which he argued for the division of humankind into five major races (termed Caucasian, Mongolian, Aethiopian, Malayan and American). In the 19th cent ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #14781 ***********************************************