From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #11539 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, June 6 2023 Volume 14 : Number 11539 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Let us help find an affordable Medigap plan for you! ["Medicare" Subject: Let us help find an affordable Medigap plan for you! Let us help find an affordable Medigap plan for you! http://miniwirelessheater.life/wOmJOkQ03Q2DZqWTob4hWbyetLEhlJu2CzlLSfI4xPKpiqYyXA http://miniwirelessheater.life/1G6W0qSr2dSOKLxxOvg6ThxQOUWCr8Y0aW_KdHcbas5gUOipeQ The question of the earliest plant fossils depends on what is meant by the word "plant". If by plants we mean phototrophs using chlorophyll, then cyanobacteria in stromatolites are the first fossils, 3,450 million years ago (mya) in the Archaean eon. The remarkable precision is possible because the fossils were sandwiched between lava flows that could be precisely dated from embedded zircon crystals. If by plants we include all types of algae, then the earliest known red algae lived 1.6 billion years ago. Fossils of them were recently found in India. If by plants we mean green plants, Viridiplantae, then the first fossils are green algae. This is probably the majority position amongst professional botanists. There is convincing evidence for the monophyly of charophyte green algae and embryophytes. There are still two choices: Acritarchs (a group of organic-walled microfossils) may be reproductive cysts of green algae. If so, they are present in the Neoproterozoic era, 1000 mya. Otherwise, there is a large increase in planktonic algae around 540 mya in the Cambrian period. If by plants we mean land plants, the first fossils are in the Silurian. By the Silurian, fossils of whole plants are preserved, including the lycophyte Baragwanathia. From the Devonian, detailed fossils of rhyniophytes have been found. Early fossils of these ancient plants show the individual cells within the plant tissue. The Devonian period also saw the evolution of the first tree in the fossil record, Wattezia. This fern-like tree had a trunk with fronds, and produced spores. The coal measures are a major source of Palaeozoic plant fossils, with many groups of plants in existence at this time. The spoil heaps of coal mines are the best places to collect; coal itself is the remains of fossilised plants, though structural detail of the plant fossils is rarely visible in coal. In the Fossil Forest at Victoria Park in Glasgow the stumps of Lepidodendron trees are found in their original growth posit ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #11539 ***********************************************