From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #11070 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Friday, April 7 2023 Volume 14 : Number 11070 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Get Your Hands on a Craftsman Shot Vacuum - Enter Our Giveaway Today! ["T] BONUS: $90 AMERICAN AIRLINES Gift Card Opportunity ["American Airlines Sh] Grand prize WINNER Selected! ["CVS Reward" Subject: Get Your Hands on a Craftsman Shot Vacuum - Enter Our Giveaway Today! Get Your Hands on a Craftsman Shot Vacuum - Enter Our Giveaway Today! http://platinumsurvey.ltd/-yCBOSDz_w6czHxyJehEajr6DHPbieX0-vktQhO5u0Z8KcIzIw http://platinumsurvey.ltd/TTULIIA5n-1_X-2k2fhHOz4uMy77mYjdZrxCRRwIuOrqHWXJLg Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras. They have a headbbody length of 80b120 cm (31b47 in), with a 25b50 cm (9.8b19.7 in) tail, a shoulder height of 30b60 cm (12b24 in), and a weight of 11b30 kg (24b66 lb). Males and females are almost identical externally. Their bodies are streamlined like marine mammals and their robust build allows them to pull heavy loads. A beaver coat has 12,000b23,000 hairs/cm2 (77,000b148,000 hairs/in2) and functions to keep the animal warm, to help it float in water, and to protect it against predators. Guard hairs are 5b6 cm (2.0b2.4 in) long and typically reddish brown, but can range from yellowish brown to nearly black. The underfur is 2b3 cm (0.79b1.18 in) long and dark gray. Beavers molt every summer. Beavers have large skulls and powerful chewing muscles. They have four chisel-shaped incisors that continue to grow throughout their lives. The incisors are covered in a thick enamel that is colored orange or reddish-brown by iron compounds. The lower incisors have roots that are almost as long as the entire lower jaw. Beavers have one premolar and three molars on all four sides of the jaws, adding up to 20 teeth. The molars have meandering ridges for grinding woody material. The eyes, ears and nostrils are arranged so that they can remain above water while the rest of the body is submerged. The nostrils and ears have valves that close underwater, while nictitating membranes cover the eyes. To protect the larynx and trachea from water flow, the epiglottis is contained within the nasal cavity instead of the throat. In addition, the back of the tongue can rise and create a waterproof seal. A beaver's lips can close behind the incisors, preventing water from entering their mouths as they cut and bite onto things while submerged. Illustration of a fore foot, a hind foot showing webbing, and the tail of a beaver The fore foot, hind foot, and tail of a beaver Beaver tail and feet prints on snow The beaver's front feet are dexterous, allowing them to grasp and manipulate objects and food, as well as dig. The hind feet are larger and have webbing between the toes, and the second innermost toe has a "double nail" used for grooming. Beavers can swim at 8 km/h (5.0 mph); only their webbed hind feet are used to swim, while the front feet fold under the chest. On the surface, the hind limbs thrust one after the other; while underwater, they move at the same time. Beavers are awkward on land but can move quickly when they feel threatened. They can carry obje ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 7 Apr 2023 11:03:44 +0200 From: "American Airlines Shopper Feedback" Subject: BONUS: $90 AMERICAN AIRLINES Gift Card Opportunity BONUS: $90 AMERICAN AIRLINES Gift Card Opportunity http://platinumsurvey.ltd/UfDAeVmdzpzi_n1dqGrjcqeEkB60saLHYcoIqE6tLn2AYRG6vA http://platinumsurvey.ltd/Q-7aivmCMWMxDFMGpjYEMcPLwf46MPpBrnnXc8HTneRp16vR There are two extant species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). The Eurasian beaver is slightly longer and has a more lengthened skull, triangular nasal cavities (as opposed to the square ones of the North American species), a lighter fur color, and a narrower tail. Carl Linnaeus coined the genus Castor in 1758; he also coined the specific (species) epithet fiber. German zoologist Heinrich Kuhl coined C. canadensis in 1820. However, they were not confirmed to be separate species until the 1970s when chromosomal evidence became available. (The Eurasian has 48 chromosomes, while the North American has 40.) Prior to that, many considered them the same species. The difference in chromosome numbers prevents them from interbreeding. 25 subspecies have been classified for C. canadensis, and nine have been classified for C. fiber. Evolution Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Agnotocastor coloradensis Agnotocastor praetereadens Anchitheriomys sp. Anchitheriomys.JPG Castorinae (modern beavers) Die Gartenlaube (1858) b 068 white background.jpg Castoroidinae Giant-beaver-fieldmuseum.jpg Agnotocastor sp. Migmacastor procumbodens Palaeocastorinae Palaeocastor fossor.jpg Geomyoidea Heteromyidae (kangaroo rats and allies) Image taken from page 108 of 'Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers by Captain L. Sitgreaves (white background).jpg Geomyidae (gophers) Western pocket gopher.jpg Phylogeny of extant and extinct relatives of modern beavers based on genetics and morphology. Beavers belong to the rodent suborder Castorimorpha, along with Heteromyidae (kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice), and the gophers. Modern beavers are the only extant members of the family Castoridae. They originated in North America in the late Eocene and colonized Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge in the early Oligocene, coinciding with the Grande Coupure, a time of significant changes in animal species around 33 million years ago (myr). The more basal castorids had several unique features: more complex occlusion between cheek teeth, parallel rows of upper teeth, premolars that were only slightly smaller than molars, the presence of a third set of premolars (P3), a hole in the stapes of the inner ear, a smooth palatine bone (with the palatine opening closer to the rear end of the bone), and a longer snout. More derived castorids have less complex occlusion, upper tooth rows that create a V-shape towards the back, larger second premolars compared to molars, absence of a third premolar set and stapes hole, a more grooved palatine (with the opening shifted towards the front), and reduced incisive foramen. Members of the subfamily Palaeocastorinae appeared in late-Oligocene North America. This group consisted primarily of smaller animals with relatively large front legs, a flattened skull, and a reduced tailball features of a fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 7 Apr 2023 13:05:28 +0200 From: "CVS Reward" Subject: Grand prize WINNER Selected! Grand prize WINNER Selected! http://beliv.email/m3izxBjhccXzhLENIigixvq8PVBYg3TBvcDJtSUQ36H4i6QcEA http://beliv.email/wuuNgvWwQQHkLLvVBQzvJhcIAgZkoJX_Ur9EEpvzF_nxJxaaRA Compared to many other rodents, a beaver's brain has a hypothalamus that is much smaller than the cerebrum; this indicates a relatively advanced brain with higher intelligence. The cerebellum is large, allowing the animal to move within a three-dimensional space (such as underwater) similar to tree-climbing squirrels. The neocortex is devoted mainly to touch and hearing. Touch is more advanced in the lips and hands than the whiskers and tail. Vision in the beaver is relatively poor; the beaver eye cannot see as well underwater as an otter. Beavers have a good sense of smell, which they use for detecting land predators and for inspecting scent marks, food, and other individuals. Beavers can hold their breath for as long as 15 minutes but typically remain underwater for no more than five or six minutes. Dives typically last less than 30 seconds and are usually no more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep. When diving, their heart rate decreases to 60 beats per minute, half its normal pace, and blood flow is directed more towards the brain. A beaver's body also has a high tolerance for carbon dioxide. When surfacing, the animal can replace 75 percent of the air in its lungs in one breath, compared to 15 percent for a human. Distribution and status A beaver at the shores of a lake North American beaver in Yellowstone National Park The IUCN Red List of mammals lists both beaver species as least concern. The North American beaver is widespread throughout most of the United States and Canada and can be found in northern Mexico. The species was introduced to Finland in 1937 (and then spread to northwestern Russia) and to Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, in 1946. As of 2019, the introduced population of North American beavers in Finland has been moving closer to the habitat of the Eurasian beaver. Historically, the North American beaver was trapped and nearly extirpated because its fur was highly sought after. Protections have allowed the beaver population on the continent to rebound to an estimated 6b12 million by the late 20th century; still far lower than the originally estimated 60b400 million North American beavers ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #11070 ***********************************************